Manifesto Based Geographical Applied in General Election: A Review

Abstract

Manifesto is important tool in ensuring winning the seat in general election, while giving improvement and enhancing the quality of life in the country. Several categories are defined based on geographical perspective in manifesto, namely safety of our family, a better quality of life, gender equality and empowering youth, generate strong and sustainable growth, balanced development progress for bridging the gaps, increasing access to education and standard, and people’s threatened crime-disaster hazard. Manifesto successfully implemented will bring better life to citizen in the country.

Keywords: Manifesto, general election, improving, enhancing, implemented

Citation of Article:
Hua, A.K., & Ping, O.W. (2017). Manifesto Based Geographical Applied in General Election: A Review. Saudi Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 2(1), 53-54.

Introduction

Political development in Malaysia since independence of 50 years has changed drastically. Increasing number of political parties based on races reflects the peoples towards political situation in Malaysia are also increase. This condition led to the increasing number of parliamentary and state assembly, including the re-demarcation process is done to ensure a fair election and meeting the need of people around the constituency. In ensuring candidate or party contesting successfully won a seat in an election, manifesto during the election become very important to ensure the ideology and vision brought by a candidate or political party will be achieved and continuous until to the public or voters an area. Generally, manifesto explains about the ideology that will be taken and changes to be implemented by candidate or party in future, after the candidate won the election and have ability to make improvement in term of quality of life or local community development [1]. Manifesto becomes an important tool in ensuring winning the seat that competes with other candidate [2]. Therefore, this study conducted to determine the details undertaken into manifesto based on geographical perspective in general election. The geographical perspective are including location, population, and planned charging that been design into the manifesto.


Methodology

The sampling area for research study is Malacca State, which located on West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia facing the Straits of Malacca and Negeri Sembilan borders in the North and in the South of Johor. Malacca with 1,650 km2 is divided into three districts namely Alor Gajah, Jasin and Malacca Central [4]. The latest for total population recorded in year 2011 are 842,500; which can be divided into Malay (530,500 or 65.7%), Chinese (211,600 or 26.2%), Indian (50,200 or 6.2%), non-local (35,600 or 4.2%), local (10,300 or 1.3%), and others (4,300 or 0.5%) [1]. interestingly, the culture that adapted from centuries until today is still fresh practiced. For example, Baba and Nyonya wore kebaya with ‘brooches’ various forms and jewelry made from silver or gold; ethnicity of Portuguese with the popular dance of Beranyo and Frapeirra and adaption of Christmas Day and Easter Festival San Pedra; and Chitty cultural with Mariamman Festival or Festival Mayor of Hindu which is more towards Indian wedding ceremony that only carry out in May [2]. Apart from recognition by UNESCO as Heritage Site in 2008 [5], the state are fast developing in facilities and services like hospital, school, police station, industrial, and others.


Results and Discussions

Several categories are classified according to the geographical perspectives concern in manifesto in general election;

Safety of Our Family
1. Providing 100,000 policemen to patrol the roads, lanes and residential areas to eliminate crime and eradicate drug abuse.
2. Establish a commission of independent police complaints and misconduct (IPCMC).
3. Create jobs for the poor and marginalized.

A Better Quality of Life
1. Encouraging rivalries for products and services to reduce prices of essential goods.
2. To provide better quality health services, accessible and affordable to all citizen.
3. Provide citizen bonus up to 6000 (financial support) for households earning below 6000 per year.

Gender Equality and Empowering Youth
1. Encourage the program flexible working hours (flexible) to establish family ties more closely.
2. Provide education and respect for the rights of women to eliminate gender discrimination.
3. Empower youth to reach their full potential in an environment that is free and safe. Generate Strong and Sustainable Growth
4. Improve productivity, income and competitiveness.
5. Sustain and increase tourist arrivals to improve country development.
6. To implement the development plan of the five economic corridors in order to generate growth, investment and employment opportunities to all corners of the country.

Balanced Development Progress for Bridging the Gaps
1. Expanding and improving public facilities and services for low-income households in urban areas.
2. Improve the quality of income and employment opportunities in rural areas.
3. Eradicate extreme poverty and reduce overall poverty.

Increasing Access to Education and Standard
1. Expanding coverage of Textbook Loan Scheme to all primary and secondary schools.
2. Abolish school fees and examination.
3. Increase in investment in science and technology, particularly R & D in the country.

People’s Threatened Crime-Disaster Hazard
1. Protection the weak and The Right for women and girls from danger and disaster of crime.

Conclusion

Manifesto designed based geographical perspective are important in bringing changes to a better life. Result indicate 7 categories could increase the quality of daily life, namely safety of our family, a better quality of life, gender equality and empowering youth, generate strong and sustainable growth, balanced development progress for bridging the gaps, increasing access to education and standard, and people’s threatened crime-disaster hazard. Achievement of manifesto will be successfully be implemented when the candidates or parties winning the seat and have confidence to applied the manifesto in the country. Therefore, citizen will live in safe and good when manifesto are successfully applied.


References

1. Zailani, M.N.M. & Hua, A.K. (2016). Appropriate Manifesto Based in General Election: An Analysis. Saudi Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 1(4), 226-229.

2. Zailani, M. N., & Hua, A. K. (2016). A Review of Research Framework in Manifesto in General Election: An Experience of Malaysian Politics. Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, 3(3), 325-327.

3. Malacca State Official Portal (2016). Demography and statistic. Retrieved from
http://www.melaka.gov.my/en/tentangmelaka/about-melaka/demeografi-statistics

4. Malacca State Official Portal (2016b). Culture. Retrieved from
http://www.melaka.gov.my/en/tentangmelaka/aboutmelaka/culture/culture?set_language=en

5. UNESCO Official Portal (2016). Melaka and George Town, Historic Cities of the Straits of Malacca. Retrieved from http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1223

ANALYTICAL AND DETECTION SOURCES OF POLLUTION BASED ENVIRONMETRIC TECHNIQUES IN MALACCA RIVER, MALAYSIA

Abstract

Environmetric techniques such as hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), discriminant analysis (DA) and principal component analysis (PCA) methods are applied to investigate spatial variation and potential pollutant sources of surface water quality data of the Malacca River in Malaysia. HCA categorized three different cluster regions, namely Cluster 1 or LPS, Cluster 2 or MPS, and Cluster 3 or HPS. DA resulted in nine discriminant variables, namely turbidity, TSS, pH, BOD, COD, E. coli, As, Zn, and Fe. PCA indicated six components in HPS and MPS with total variance of 84.9% and 84.4%, while LPS result five components had a total variance of 77.1%. Generally, major sources of pollution are agricultural, residential and wastewater treatment plants, domestic and commercial waste, industry, as well as animal husbandry. The present study provides useful information for local authorities to identify sources of pollution of the examined area and effectively in proper management for land use area. Additionally, the study also helps in understanding river water quality within the basin and provides a database for future reference in developing water policies.

Keywords: water quality, HCA, DA, PCA, spatial variation

Citation of Article:

Hua, A. K. (2017). Analytical and detection sources of pollution based environmetric techniques in Malacca River, Malaysia. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 15(1), 485-499.

INTRODUCTION

Water resources have been depleting in recent year. According to worldwide statistics for water pollution developing countries produce 70% of industrial wastes that are dumped untreated into water and that an average of 99 million pounds (45 million kilograms) of fertilizer and chemicals are used each year (National Geographic Portal, 2016). This situation is no exceptional in Malacca River. Currently, the river has been reported to be contaminated and cause death to various fish species (Hua, 2015a, 2015b; Metro Online, 2015; Daneshmand et al., 2011; Nasbah, 2010). The state government has taken actions in terms of law enforcement (Hua, 2015a), policies for water resources (Hua, 2015b), exposure through religious and moral education (Ang, 2014), and public awareness about the importance of the environment (Hua and Marsuki, 2014), especially riverine water resources. However, the implementation of such projects to preserve river water quality by the state government still has not changed levels of water pollution to a lower level. The problem still persists even up to a higher level and has become more dangerous. Hence, the major pollutants from the main sources of pollution should be investigated and determined, especially in terms of spatial variation in the Malacca River. 

Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), discriminant analysis (DA), and principal components analysis (PCA) are categories in environmetric methods that have been successfully applied in hydrochemistry especially in surface water, groundwater quality assessment, and environmental research (Mustapha et al., 2013; Najar and Khan, 2012; Samsudin et al., 2011). These methods have the ability to define all possible influences, including hidden information in an environmental water quality data set and offering greater possibilities in decision making process (Aris et al., 2013). Generally, HCA technique able to divides a large number of objects into a smaller number of homogenous groups on the basis of their correlation structure (Voyslavov et al., 2012), DA has the advantage of discriminating variables between two or more naturally occurring group (Singh et al., 2011), and PCA is used to extract important information from raw data, compress large size data by storing only important information, simplifying the description of data set, and analyzing the observations and variables together (Abdi and Williams, 2010). Therefore, this research study has been carried out to analyze the current condition of river water with quality based descriptive statistics, and to identify the main source of pollution using HCA, DA and PCA techniques in terms of spatial variation in the Malacca River.

METHODOLOGY

Description of Study Area

The Malacca River has a total catchment area of approximately 670 km2 . The river lies within latitudes 2°23’16.08”N to 2°24’52.27”N and longitudes 102°10’36.45”E to 102°29’17.68”E in Malaysia. Malacca River have 80 km in length and only 7 sub basins are selected in the study, namely the Kampung Kelamak sub-basin, Kampung Sungai Petai sub-basin, Kampung Panchor sub-basin, Kampung Harmoni Belimbing Dalam sub-basin, Kampung Tualang sub-basin, Kampung Cheng sub-basin, Kampung Batu Berendam sub-basin (Fig. 1). There is a reservoir located between Alor Gajah and Malacca Central districts along the river, namely Durian Tunggal Reservoir, which has a catchment approximately 20 km2 and acts as a source of water supply to Malacca residents. 

The climate in the study area is characterized as uniformly average annual temperatures, high rainfall, and high humidity. These conditions impact on the hydrology and geomorphology of study area. The study area experiences two seasons, namely a dry season from January to March and a wet season from April to November. Normally, the weather consists of a South-West monsoon blowing across the Straits of Malacca, and the area easily experiences flooding. The selected study area can be categorized as impacted and non-impacted, which lie between Kampung Harmoni Belimbing Dalam sub basin to Kampung Batu Berendam sub basin with an area of 68 km2 and Kampung Kelemak sub basin to Kampung Panchor sub basin with an area of 12 km2 , respectively.

Water quality data in this study were obtained from Department of Environment (DOE), Ministry of Natural Resource and Environment of Malaysia, and are concentrated on 9 stations along the main Malacca River (Table 1). The availability data were recorded from January to December of 2014 for all 9 sampling sites representing 7 sub-basins as previously described across the Alor Gajah and Malacca Central Districts. Generally, the parameters of river water quality consist of physic-chemical parameters (i.e. pH, temperature; electrical conductivity (EC); salinity, turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS); dissolved solids (DS); dissolved oxygen (DO); biochemical oxygen demand (BOD); chemical oxygen demand (COD); ammoniacal-nitrogen(NH3N); trace elements (i.e. mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), arsenic (Ar), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), and iron (Fe); and biological parameters (i.e. Escherichia coliform and total coliform). All samples are analyzed based APHA (2005) method.

Figure 1. 7 sub-basin with 9 sampling stations along Malacca River. The Data and Monitoring Site.

Water Quality Analysis and Data Analysis

The river water quality data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science version 19 (SPSS 19) for descriptive analysis and environmetric techniques based HCA, DA, and PCA. In HCA, Wards method through variance analysis was used to evaluate distance between clusters with minimal sum of squares (SS) for any two clusters formed at each step (Mustapha et al., 2013; Najar and Khan, 2012; Samsudin et al., 2011); follow by squared Euclidean distance used to measuring similarity between two samples and distance that can be represented by different between analytical values from the samples (Mustapha et al., 2013; Najar and Khan, 2012; Samsudin et al., 2011); and the results are provided through a dendrogram grouping the high similarity with small distances between cluster (Gazzaz et al., 2012). The present study employed HCA to investigate grouping of sampling sites (spatial). Meanwhile, DA determines variables through discriminate between two or more groups or cluster (Gazzaz et al., 2012; Samsudin et al., 2011), as expressed in the equation below:

where i is the number of groups (G), ki is the constant inherent to each groups, n is the number of parameters used to classify a set of data into a given group, and wij is the weight coefficient assigned by DF analysis (DFA) to a given parameter (Pij). The present study applied DA to determine that the means of the variables differ within groups and to predict the pattern. HCA results are applied into DA using standard stepwise, forward stepwise, and backward stepwise modes to develop the DFs in evaluating spatial variations of river water quality. Generally, dependent variables are the sampling stations (spatial), while independent variables are all other parameters involved. Next PCA, with the ability to provide information on most significant parameters due to spatial and temporal variations, defines the whole data set by excluding less significant parameters with minimum loss of original information (Singh et al., 2011), which is explained by the equation below:

where z is the component score, a is the component loading, x is the measured value of the variable, I is the component number, j is the sample number, and m is the total number of variables. Normally PCA will undergo procedure like (1) for original data to be reduced to dominant components or factors (source of variation) that influence the observed data variation, and (2) whole data set will be extracted through eigenvalues and eigenvectors from the square matrix produced by multiplying data matrix (Aris et al., 2013). The main condition is that eigenvalues should more than 1 to be considered as significant (Juahir et al., 2011) to perform new group of variable namely Varimax Factor (VFs). Generally, VFs coefficients that have a coefficient of more than 0.75 are considered as ‘strong’, while 0.75 to 0.05 are moderate and 0.50 to 0.30 are weak (Juahir et al., 2011). The present study applied PCA to the normalized data set (20 variables) separately based on the different spatial regions obtained from the HCA technique.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Descriptive analysis through mean and standard deviation for physico-chemical parameters, biological parameters and trace metal for year 2014 can be obtained from Table 2. Majority pH, temperature, and trace metal are in clean condition, except for iron in station 6 and station 9 that resulted in a class 3 ranking. Continuously, physical parameter showing salinity (in station 1 to station 3 and station 7), turbidity (in station 3, station 6 and station 8), electrical conductivity (in station 1 and station 6), dissolved solid (in station 1 and station 7), and total suspended solid (in station 6) resulted in class 5; while class 4 with total suspended solid and turbidity resulted in station 4, station 5, and station 9. Only electrical conductivity (in station 2 and station 3), turbidity (in station 1 and station 2), and dissolved solid (in station 2) are class 3; and other stations still remain clean (Table 3). Chemical parameter shows only biochemical oxygen demand and ammoniacal nitrogen are in class 5 and class 4, which is from station 1 to station 3 and station 6 to station 8. Meanwhile, mean analysis indicates biochemical oxygen demand (in station 4, station 5, and station 9), chemical oxygen demand (in station 1 to station 3 and station 7 to station 8), dissolved oxygen (in station 1 to station 3 and station 7), and ammoniacal nitrogen (in station 4) are in class 3, while the other stations remain class 2 and class 1. For biological parameters, majority total coliform is in class 5; and E. coli resulted in class 5 (in station 1 to station 2 and station 8), class 4 (station 3, station 6, station 7 and station 9) and class 3 (in station 4 and station 5).

Analysis of HCA is shown in Figure 2 for nine sampling stations along Malacca River, indicating that 3 clusters have been identified from the techniques. Cluster 1 consists of S1 (Kampung Kelemak sub-basin), S2 (Kampung Sungai Petai sub-basin), and S3 (Kampung Panchor sub-basin); cluster 2 consists of S4 (Kampung Harmoni Belimbing sub-basin), S5 (Kampung Tualang sub-basin), and S6 (Kampung Cheng sub-basin); and cluster 3 consists of S7 (Kampung Batu Berendam sub-basin), S8, and S9. Generally, cluster 1 is considered as low-pollution sources (LPS) because a majority of land area is used for agriculture, animal husbandry, and residential activities; while cluster 2 is considered as middle-pollution sources (MPS) due to the land used area is residential and industrial activities; and cluster 3 are high-pollution sources (HPS) due to the residential, sewage treatment plant, commercial, and industrial activities.

DA techniques are used to evaluate the possibility changes in land used based on the 3 cluster that resulted from HCA output. The results indicate that clusters in standard mode for 20 variables are 91%, forward stepwise mode for 5 variables are 79%, and backward stepwise mode for 9 variables are 87%. Therefore, backward stepwise mode is considered for further analysis, which have turbidity, total suspended solid, pH, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, E. coli, arsenic, zinc and iron. A box and whisker plot of water quality parameter for 2014 are shown in Figure 3.

Figure 2. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) through Ward Linkage method to generate dendogram

PCA was applied to the data set to compare the compositional patterns between the examined water parameters and to identify the factors that influence each of the identified regions (e.g. HPS, MPS and LPS). Six PCs were obtained for HPS and MPS regions, while only five are resulted from LPS region, which have eigenvalues more than 1 with the total variance of 84.9%, 84.4%, and 77.1%, respectively. Corresponding principal components, variable loadings, and variance are explained based on Table 4.

HPS

The principal component 1 loadings with 20.8% of total variance include strong positive loadings for salinity, EC and DS; weak positive loadings include pH and NH3N; and weak negative loadings include DO. The elements of salinity, NH3N, DO, and DS, are connected with extensive pesticide usage for agricultural activities in oil palm and rubber plantations, and animal husbandry (e.g. chicken, cow, goat and pig farm) carried out within the Malacca River basin. Meanwhile, EC components are possibly connected with the erosion of riverbank due to dredging in the river. Continuously, principal component 2 loadings with total variance of 19.5% have strong positive loadings for TSS, turbidity, and Fe; moderate negative loading for temperature; and weak negative loadings for pH and NH3N. Turbidity and TSS are related with soil erosion caused by interruption from human activities and hydrologic modifications (e.g. dredging, water diversions, and channelization) (Deneshmend et al., 2011), urban development areas involving land clearing (Najar and Khan, 2012), and the erosion of road edges due to surface runoff (Juahir et al., 2011). The forest or agriculture land converted into urban areas may negatively impact the ecosystem (Ghumman, 2011) of the Malacca River basin in form of mud floods, landslides and river floods. The Fe element is possibly connected with industrial activities such as electroplating, and the NH3N is likely related to domestic waste and agricultural runoff.

Next, principal component 3 loadings with total variance of 12% indicate strong positive loadings of pH and DO; moderate positive loading for COD; and weak positive loading for NH3N. On the other hand, principal component 4 loadings with total variance of 11.5% resulted in strong positive loading for BOD; moderate positive loading for COD; weak positive loading for NH3N; and weak negative loading for Fe. The factors explained by considering the chemical components of various anthropogenic activities that constitute point source pollution from industrial effluents, domestic waste water, commercial activities and wastewater treatment plants, including agricultural runoff area that located at Kampung Batu Berendam sub-basin and in the urban area. Basically, Fe representing one of the metal groups that originating from industrial effluents. Principal component 5 loadings explained total variance of 10.7% with strong positive loading for As; weak positive loadings of NH3N and E. coli; and strong negative loading for Zn. The NH3N is suspected to be from agricultural runoff using inorganic fertilizer (Aris et al., 2013), which is able to explain the decomposition of nitrogen containing organic compounds through degradation process of organic matter (Najar and Khan, 2012), and the conditions are strongly supported by the occurrence of As used in agriculture fields to produce pesticide waste. E. coli are strongly related to municipal wastes and animal husbandry. Lastly, principal component 6 loading has total variance of 10.4% with strong positive loadings for E. coli and coliform, which strongly explains that the factors are related to municipal sewage and wastewater treatment plants (Samsudin et al., 2011) along the Malacca River, especially in urban regions.

MPS

Principal component 1 loadings explain total variance of 19.7% with strong positive loadings of salinity, EC, and DS; moderate positive loading for coliform; and weak positive loading for pH. As describe in HPS, salinity, EC and DS are subjected from agricultural runoff and animal husbandry activities. The factor to cause coliform are related to municipal wastes, oxidation ponds, and animal husbandry, where large amount of oxygen used up by the bacteria decreases the DO availability to cause anaerobic fermentation process to produce organic acids (Juahir et al., 2011). Therefore, hydrolysis process leading to acidic material to cause water pH values to decrease. Continues, principal component 2 loadings resulted total variance of 16.1% with strong positive loadings of BOD and COD; and moderate positive loadings of TSS and turbidity. TSS and turbidity elements are subjected to construction activities and urban development that carry out in Kampung Tualang sub basin and Kampung Cheng sub basin, where most activities are happen near to the stream areas and increase the sediment deposited in the river. The condition become worst when overland inputs, stream-bank erosion, and bedload sediments during storm flow (Mustapha et al., 2013) are entering the river. BOD and COD are related to anthropogenic pollution sources and are possibly come from point source pollution such as sewage treatment plants and industrial effluents. Principal component 3 loadings with total variance of 15% have strong positive loading for NH3N; moderate positive loading for temperature; weak positive loading for pH; moderate negative loadings of TSS and turbidity; and weak negative loading for Fe. As describe previously, NH3N are related to domestic waste and agricultural runoff that highly usage of fertilizer and pesticides, which possibly to increase nitrogen levels and cause decreasing to water pH values.

Principal component 4 loadings with total variance of 12.4% to result in strong positive loadings of As and Cr; weak positive loading for turbidity; and weak negative loading for Fe. Generally, Cr exists in rock and soil, which have connections with soil erosion that cause turbidity; while As is typically from pesticide used in agriculture activities. Principal component 5 loadings have total variance of 11.3% with strong positive loading for DO; weak positive loadings of pH and temperature; strong negative loading for E. coli; and weak negative loading for coliform. Meanwhile, principal component 6 loadings explain total variance of 9.9% with string positive loading for pH; moderate positive loading for Fe; and strong negative loading for Zn. The factors involved in DO element are related with high levels of dissolved organic matter consuming large amounts of oxygen (Juahir et al., 2011), including E. coli and coliform that are suspected to be from the sewage treatment plant and pesticide usage in agricultural activities within Kampung Tualang sub basin. This condition will cause the river water quality to become acidified through pH reading. On the other hand, existing Fe element in water quality are suspected from industrial effluents.

LPS

Principal component 1 loadings indicate total variance of 26.9% with strong positive loadings of salinity, EC, and DS; weak positive loading for coliform; strong negative loading for NH3N; moderate negative loadings of BOD and Fe; and weak negative loading for turbidity. As explained before, salinity, turbidity, EC, and DS are from agricultural runoff and animal husbandry activities; BOD and NH3N are discharge from wastewater treatment and domestic waste water; and Fe are form industrial effluents. Next, principal component 2 loadings show total variance of 16.2% with strong positive loading for Cr; moderate positive loadings of DO, BOD, and COD; weak positive loadings of pH and coliform; and weak negative loading for turbidity. Principal component 3 loadings resulted total variance of 12.2% with strong positive loading for TSS; moderate positive loadings of pH and temperature; weak positive loading for DO; and weak negative loadings of COD and E. coli. Several areas in Kampung Kelemak sub basin and Kampung Sungai Petai sub basin are converting from agriculture field and forest into building and residential area, which highlighted the existing of turbidity and TSS elements in water quality (except Cr that naturally exist in soil). The condition caused chemical components of anthropogenic activities from domestic and commercial wastes, which indirectly increase the coliform and E. coli elements through wastewater treatment plants. Continuously, principal component 4 loadings with total variance of 10.9% have moderate positive loadings of Fe and coliform; weak positive loadings of turbidity and DO; and strong negative loading for E. coli. Lastly, principal component 5 loadings explain total variance of 10.9% with strong positive loading for Zn; weak positive loadings of Fe and turbidity; strong negative loading for As; and weak negative loading for pH. Zn element are connected with large number of houses and buildings constructed near to river that uses metallic roofs coated with zinc, when in contact with acid rainwater and smog, these could readily mobilize zinc into the atmosphere and waterways (Juahir et al., 2011). Meanwhile, Fe element is subject to industrial effluent, the As element is related to pesticide use in agriculture activities, E. coli and coliform are connected with sewage treatment plants, and turbidity come from hydrologic modifications such as dredging, water diversions, and channelization.

CONCLUSION

HCA, DA, and PCA are applied to investigate spatial variation and potential pollutant sources of surface river water quality data for the Malacca River. HCA successfully categorized nine monitoring stations into three different cluster regions, namely Cluster 1 or LPS (comprised of S1, S2, and S3), Cluster 2 or MPS (comprised of S4, S5, and S6), and Cluster 3 or HPS (comprised of S7, S8, and S9). HPS is within Malacca Central basin, while MPS is between Alor Gajah basin and Malacca Central basin, and LPS is within the Alor Gajah basin. DA resulted in discriminating nine monitoring stations with nine discriminants assigned to 87% cases correctly using backward stepwise modes. The nine variables are turbidity, total suspended solids, pH, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, E. coli, arsenic, zinc and iron. PCA indicated six components with 84.9% of total variance were extracted in HPS, while six components with 84.4% of total variance were extracted in MPS, and five components with 77.1% of total variance were extracted in LPS. Overall, the major sources of pollution come from agricultural, residential and wastewater treatment plants, domestic and commercial waste, industry, as well as animal husbandry. The present study provides useful information for local authorities in identifying sources of pollution of the examined area and effectively in proper management for land use area. Additionally, the study also helps in understanding river water quality within the basin and provides a database for future reference in developing water policies.

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Respondents Perception on Appropriate Manifesto Design in General Election

Abstract

Election through manifesto will ensure winning seat in general election. This research study determines respondent’s perception on appropriate manifesto design for the general election. Quantitative approach with questionnaire methods applied into Malacca State in targeting 100 respondents, where questionnaire are divided into two categories namely (1) respondent’s demographic profile, and (2) respondent’s perception on appropriate manifesto designed for general election. Result indicate majority are male with ages from 31 to 40 that working in private sector. Most of respondent studied until secondary level and having monthly income of RM 1501 to RM 2000. Respondents are likely to support registered political parties and vote for same party. At the same time, there are respondents that more preferred towards candidates, especially candidates that have confidence in making decision. Majority respondents receive all contesting candidate’s manifesto and understand every aspect that proposed in manifesto. Fortunately, manifesto becomes positive ‘attraction’ towards respondents in decision making. In other words, although majority respondents are preferred on candidate and party, however, they are more preferred to choose the manifesto that emphasizes on having a safer and a better life not only for themselves, but also for their children in the future generation. Therefore, election manifesto do influencing the respondents in chosen the candidate or party.

Keywords: election, manifesto, candidates, parties, respondents

Citation of Article:
Hua, A.K., & Ping, O.W. (2017). Respondents Perception on Appropriate Manifesto Design in General Election. Saudi Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 2(1), 55-57.

Introduction

Election can be defined as the general election of a person to a post and the selection is made through a vote of a group or ‘constituent body’ [1]. When the act of choosing someone to a post or position is done openly by a group of people then it is said to be an election. In any election, there are some objects involve such as the people that are selected, the group that manages the electorate and the electoral body. Election is not necessarily linked to the ongoing political, unless the electoral politics was patterned. The purpose of holding the elections both in the nature of political or otherwise, is to choose the person or persons who will represent the interests of voters in certain matters which lie within the jurisdiction of a particular organization in which the person concerned have been selected for duty [1]. In Malaysia, the electoral systems commonly practiced are identified according to two categories, namely proportional system (the system ratio) and simple majority system (simple-first-past-the-post) or (Single Number Territorial Representation). However, the country practiced the election in two categories, which are the simple majority system, and through this system the winning candidate is the candidate will get the most votes, even winning by a single vote. The system was used since the first general elections held in 1959 and it is suitable to applied until today, especially in a state newly independent country with over 65% of the population belongs to the category of illiteracy and the country require the establishment of a stable and strong government. Instead, the ratio is considered inappropriate because it might end up with a conflict in connection with the phenomenon and the policies that will hinder the smoothness of the country [1].

The electoral system practiced in Malaysia has several advantages including easily understood and practiced, voters get to vote for candidates directly satisfaction, voters can choose candidates for the designated area, multi-party elections (Multi-Party) as practiced in Malaysia is very important for a party to get a majority of over 50 percent for forming a stable government, a government that will be more stable if the opposition-led government has 2/3 or over the majority and as such can exist through the existing electoral system, can prevent the emergence of a coalition government decision that usually do not encourage creating a stable government, and the election results can be seen quickly and efficiently because the counting process can be speeded up and was able to avoid the tensions that have arisen in elections. Electoral system in general election are depend on the manifesto that being designed by candidates or parties. Generally, manifesto can be defined as the promise given to the voters in a district of the votes in the election campaign, it is stated that when a party or candidate wins the election, the party or candidate that will bring change the community and the region in terms of development [2]. The definition are being confirmed through Kamus Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka [3] stated that manifesto can be means by political commitment given to voters in an area, manifesto can be found in a variety of formats such as the use of traditional paper form or shape of the universe. Eventually, many people are not fully understand on the concept of manifesto and have interpreted the concept into less accurate. Therefore, this research study is conducted to determine respondent’s perception on appropriate manifesto design for the general election.

Methodology

Malacca State located at West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia facing the Straits of Malacca and borders with Negeri Sembilan at North and Johor at South [4]. Malacca State constituted three districted namely Alor Gajah, Jasin and Malacca Central, with total area of 1,650 km2 [5]. Due to recognition as Heritage Site by UNESCO in July 2008 [6], the population are 821,110 in 2010 increase until 842,500 in 2011; which increase about 21,390 within one years [5]. Increasing of population will determine the sampling size, where it can be decided based on the formula below [7-9];

Where X2 is the value of Chi-Square for 0.05 = 3.84 or 0.01 = 6.64, N is the population size, P is the population proportion which normally refer to be 0.50, d is the degree of accuracy that expressed as a proportion. Since the research are using quantitative approach based questionnaire methods, the target for sampling size are 100 respondents. Several studies based librarian include historical, documentation, and interview, together with field observation are conducted to understand the real situation before designing questionnaire. The questionnaire is divided into two categories, namely (1) respondent’s demographic profile, and (2) respondent’s perception on appropriate manifesto designed for general election.

Results and Discussions

The analysis of result for respondent’s demographic profile and respondent’s perception on appropriate manifesto designed can be shown in Table 1 and Table 2 respectively.

Majority respondents spending the time in answering the questionnaire are male with 54 people, and only 46 respondents are from female. Among of respondents are ages between 31 to 40 with 29 people, 41 to 50 with 28 people, 51 to 60 with 23 people, 21 to 30 with 14 people, and 61 to 70 or more than 71  are only 3 people. Most respondents are working in private sectors with 57 people, continue by business with 36 people, government with 4 people, and little in farmer sector with 3 people. Since majority respondents are working in professional sectors, the monthly income is gross between RM 1501 to RM 2000 with 41 people, continue for RM 0 to RM 500 with 23 people, RM 501 to RM 1000 with 21 people, and only some respondents have RM 1001 to RM 1500 with 15 people. Majority respondents having the education level until secondary with 68 people and minority respondents are studying until primary or pra-university with 16 people.

Meanwhile, respondent’s perception on appropriate manifesto designed for general election can be showed in Table 2. Respondent’s opinion that they are agree to support any political party especially the parties that is officially registered political parties. Majority respondents do agree to vote for the same party. There are also respondents do preferred to vote on the candidate than the party because they do think that candidate are able to make decision making in any issues or problems that society faced. Nevertheless, most respondents are still firm on the choice on particular candidate and party. Apart from candidate and party, the manifesto are also plays an important role in determine the respondent choice. For example, before having an answer to the candidate or party, most respondent will receive the entire contesting candidate’s manifesto and understand every idea that will be improve the quality of daily life style. Indirectly, election manifesto will affect the respondent’s decision making in choosing  candidate because most of them are wishing to have a safer and a better life not only for themselves, but also for their children in the future generation. So, when the correct and accurate answer are made towards candidate, then the promises manifesto will fully implemented and respondent’s wishing can be achieved.


Conclusion

As conclusion, majority respondents are positively towards manifesto selection than candidate or party. Although there are ‘attachment’ factor exist between respondents toward the candidate or party, however, they are more preferred to have a safer and a better life not only for themselves, but also for their children in the future generation. In other words, manifesto will take the first place in making the decision for the general election.

References

1. Rahman, A. R. H. A. (1994). The Conduct of Election in Malaysia. Berita Publishing.

2. Zainuddin, S. (1999). Malaysian Administrative Tradition International Encyclopedia of Public Policy and Administration Westview Press, Colorado.

3. Kamus Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (2016). Definition of Manifestation.

4. Malacca State Official Portal (2016). Melaka Map.

5. Malacca State Official Portal (2016). Demography and statistic.

6. UNESCO Official Portal (2016). Melaka and George Town, Historic Cities of the Straits of Malacca.

7. Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educ Psychol Meas. 30(3), 607-610.

8. Hua, A. K. (2016). Pengenalan Rangkakerja Metodologi dalam Kajian Penyelidikan: Satu Kajian Kes. Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 1(1), 17-23.

9. Hua, A. K. (2016). Pengenalan Rangkakerja Metodologi dalam Kajian Penyelidikan: Satu Kajian Literatur. Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 1(2), 17-24.

Environmental Education: A Case Study

Abstract

Educations become an important asset of future development and management in Malaysia. Promoting pure science and mathematics subject are compulsory to credits for certificates, but failed to concern in environmental perspectives. This research study conducted to investigate student’s knowledge perception of attitude towards environmental water resources. Collecting data involve quantitative approach with questionnaire methods. Sampling area is concentrate only one of the cluster school in Kuala Lumpur. Sampling size is targeted for 60 respondents that randomly selected in lower secondary school (Form 3 students) with good, moderate and poor classes, which select only 20 students in each class. Analysis used in this study is descriptive analysis. Results indicates polluted water led to disease grow and cause death to aquatic animals especially fish. Eventually, fish species become extinction and cause food shortage. ‘Disappearance’ of fish species in food chain may impact the energy flow through nature recycle in food chain to create global warming. Next, although water pollution less affected on soil nutrient quality, but it resulting the water resources include freshwater to become shortage. Therefore, problems and issues in environmental water resources are controllable and manageable if students are exposed earlier on the importance and priorities to protect, to love, to conserve and preserve the environmental nature especially the water resources. Conclusion, environmental subject become an important platform to create awareness in the students from continue ‘destruct’ the environment when they become leader in future.

Keywords: environmental education, disappearance, awareness, destruct


Citation of Article:
Hua, A.K., & Ping, O.W. (2017). Environmental Education: A Case Study. Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research, 3(1), 1622-1624.

Introduction

Pure sciences of physic, chemistry and biology are compulsory subject that need to credits to receive certificate before further studies in university level [2]. Due to this condition, majority students are putting all efforts to concentrate only into these subjects just to receive the certificate. Lack of concerned towards applied sciences in science and technology, environmental sciences, sustainability sciences, and so on, causing students to become less interested in studying this subject. Indirectly, students will felt that there is no need to take responsibility to protect the environment and this situation can cause ‘destruction’ to the environment [3]. As evidence, several issues related to water pollution especially in rivers are mainly originated from agricultural and livestock activities, municipal activities, factory activities, residential activities and others, that  occur in this country [4-5]. Therefore, this research study conducts to investigate student’s knowledge perception of attitude towards environmental water resources.


Methodology

Quantitative approach through questionnaire methods is applied. Questionnaire design based ‘open-ended’ question that divided into two parts, namely part A for demographic profile and part B for environmental water pollution and environmental water ecology. Likert Scale with 5-point (1 Strongly Disagree, 2-Disagree, 3-Normal, 4-Agree, 5-Strongly Agree) are used. Sampling area is concentrated only one of the cluster school in Kuala Lumpur. The sampling size targeted for 60 respondents that randomly selected in lower secondary school (particular in Form 3) with good, moderate and poor classes’ students [6]. Only 20 students are randomly selected in each class. When questionnaires are completely answered, the raw data will be input using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 19. Analysis used in this study is descriptive analysis.


Results and Discussions

Result for demographic profile and environmental water resources can be show in Table 1 and Table 2 respectively. Demographic profile indicates gender for male is the highest with 33 respondents and female with 27 respondents. The grade achievement shown 11 to 20 with 20 students is the highest, continue by 21 to 30 with 18 students, 1 to 10 is 10 students, 31 to 40 is 9 students, and 41 to 50 is 3 students. Majority students are staying in rural area (32 students) than urban area (28 students). Most of the student’s parents are working as professional with 39 respondents, and non-professional are 21 respondents.

Environmental water resources through environmental water pollution and environmental water ecology are shown in Table 2, having reliability test of 0.69 with the items are satisfy and suitable to conduct analysis [1]. Environmental water pollution through water quality, disease, aquatic species, and freshwater are indicates agree is the highest rank with 34, 29, 23 and 28 students respectively. Only soil nutrient variable have normal point as highest rank with 24 respondents. Next, environmental water ecology with variable of food shortage, nature recycle, and global warming and water resources show agree are rank the first with 29, 27, and 28 respondents respectively. However, majority students chose normal as first rank for food chain with 27 respondents.

Majority students are opinion that polluted water will becomes black color and bad odor taste. The polluted water will bring disease to human such as cholera, diarrhea, intestinal worms, typhoid fever, and so on, which will also poisoning the aquatic animals and cause death. If extreme water pollution, it will lead to extinction of aquatic life. This situation will reduce the availability of freshwater become shortage. Nevertheless, most of the students still believe that contaminated water is likely to affect the existence of nutrients in soil, which can decrease the soil quality and indirectly impact to the trees. Continuously, contaminated water can negatively affect water ecology. For example, extinction of aquatic species especially fish can reduce food source. Indirectly, the extinction of certain species will cause energy flow to increase in other food chain through natural cycle. This action may result on global warming and decrease the quantity of water resources due to evaporation process. At the same time, the natural recycle will led to the nature nutrient loss, for example polluted water through extreme evaporation could bring acid rain and cause chemical reaction with nature nutrient. However, many students are still opinion that ‘disappearance’ of fish species will not impact the whole food chain if compare to the primary producer like plant. Possibly secondary or tertiary consumer will consume other species as food source to continue survive.

Conclusion

As conclusion, environmental water resources proved that majority students are realized that decrease of water quality will cause diseases to grow and harm aquatic species. These result the fish species to become extinction and cause food shortage. Possibly ‘disappearance’ of fish species in food chain may not impact the secondary or tertiary consumer in obtaining food to survive. Indirectly, this situation may impact the nature recycle through energy flow in food chain to create global warming. On the other hand, although soil nutrient quality are less affected by water pollution, this situation are
resulting the water resources include freshwater to become shortage. Therefore, these problems and issues are controllable and manageable if the students are exposed on the importance and priorities to protect, to love, to conserve and preserve the environmental nature especially the water resources. Hence, environmental subject become an important platform to awake and create awareness in the students from continue ‘destruct’ the environment when they become leader in future.


References

[1] Chua, Y.P. (2011). Kaedah penyelidikan: Buku 1. McGraw-Hill (Malaysia).

[2] Heng, C. S., & Tan, H. (2006). English for mathematics and science: Current Malaysian language-in education policies and practices. Language and Education, 20(4), 306-321.

[3] Hua, A.K. (2015a). Public Perception in Water Resources Development Case Study: Malacca River. International Journal of Humanities & Social Science Studies, 2(2), 78-86.

[4] Hua, A.K. (2015b). An Indication of Policy Study towards Water Resources in Malacca State: A Case Study of Malacca River, Malaysia. International Research Journal of Social Sciences, 4(6), 15-20.

[5] Hua, A.K. (2015c). Law Enforcement and Water Resources of the Malacca River A Case Study of Public Perception. International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology, 1(3), 111-116.

[6] Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educ psychol meas, 30, 607-610.