Applied GIS in Environmental Sensitivity Development Based Slope Failure

Abstract

Slope failure become major issues and problem in Selangor State, especially involve with the development in a specific area. This research study conducted using GIS in determined the environmental sensitivity development based slope failure. GIS techniques required several data for analysis, namely elevation data and contour maps, land used map data, original map data, and vegetation map data; which can be received from government department or agencies, height and topographic data maps, data from internet sources, and data from documentation includes publications. The selected area for this research study is Selangor State, which highlighted rapid development of land used for human activities. Accordingly, the first step will be entering all data into database, which involve with the physical and environment components; while the second step will be identification and preparation based on the data layers that required in the research study; and the third step are storing data into database for designed. The storage is referring to non-spatial data elements and geographical data. Results indicate the sensitivity slope with normal sensitive area covers 1.7% and most sensitive area covers 5.7%, which lies in East towards Ulu Selahgor, Gombak, and Ulu Langat. Continuously, the prohibited development area is covering about 7.4% of sensitive area in the 25% to 40% degree of steepness in the area, which represents a critical area of 603 km² of the 8154 km² area in Selangor State. Build up activities within slope area can be categorized as industrial, institutional and facilities, residential, business and services, and open space and recreational; while the steepness parameter determined 0 % to 15 % is no risk area for slope failure, while 15 % to 25 % are less risk area for slope failure, 25 % to 40 % are moderate risk area for slope failure, and more that 40 % are high risk area for slope failure. Majority residential area is located at Gombak and Hulu Langat with slope sensitivity is between 25 % to 40 % degree of steepness, which is at high risk of slope failure.

Keywords: GIS, sensitivity slope, prohibited development area, build up activities

Citation of Article:

Hua, A.K., & Ping, O.W. (2018). Applied GIS in Environmental Sensitivity Development Based Slope Failure. International Journal of Research, 5(16), 1286-1289.

INTRODUCTION

Malaysia is a developing country, to achieved developed nation. Multiple large projects that had been designed to achieved the developed nation. This results in a lot of areas of land sites, regardless of construction site safety. This includes the hilly terrain and high altitudes. Therefore, the issue of slope failures or landslides often a major issue when there is a problem of loss of life and property. Slope failure is an issue that is very important and should be seriously considered, especially when there is a development in the slope. Slope stability will affect the level of safety and durability of soil structure, because movement causes the slope of the land has become cracked and can cause debris to happen.

Generally, the problem of slope failure occurred due to certain factors, especially when human beings try to exploit an area for socio-economic purposes. If the people's need and demand for natural resources is increasing such as settlements, agriculture, education, industry and so on, this situation will have forced the people to develop sensitive slopes. There are even worst when irresponsible people are not concerned and less regard for the safety and appropriateness of the site being developed. Analysis hilly terrain or highlands is one of the most important and should be seriously considered in development planning to avoid slope failure happened. Usually, the developers explore the slopes of the hill as the site development primarily as a resort and residential sites. Highland area is an area that is particularly suitable as a site for housing or resort because of its advantages in terms of the landscape surrounding, which are able to attracted many residents and tourists especially from the high incomes. Hence, this may led to many investors and developers to build construction or building on high ground to gain high profits, but fail to concerned the security level.

In ensuring the slopes with potential slope failure, it is unpredictable and absolutely undetermined. Furthermore, the developer usually runs development projects in the slope area without doing a detailed review of the development site. Therefore the application of geographic information system should be implemented for each planning area development projects, especially in hill slope area. Therefore, the security level of development is more secure. The parties involved in development projects that without knowing the factors of causes slope failure occurred on the slopes of the hill, is a serious problem faced by third-party developers. This is because without understanding and knowing the factors and processes involved in the slopes of the hill on the slope failure, then this becomes a serious problem to the parties responsible for the project development. For example, the recruitment process of early preventive measures either during construction or after construction is completed. Typically, the problem of landslides is caused by third-party developers to carry out development on hilly terrain, which could happen due to without knowing the factors of the natural environment and processes in the slope. In additional, the developer is less emphasis on early prevention measures and the level of safety in construction sites also could cause slope failure to occur.

Planning approach based on information technology is the latest solution in analyzing and identifying problems faced slope failure by humans. Application of Geographic Information System (GIS) is a technology used space-based information, according to Clarke [1] has proposed a common definition for GIS data are as unique spaces that can be connected to a geographical map. In summary, GIS can be regarded as a database and information, which is used in particular to assist the parties in making a decision on a development plan. For example, the develop projects in hilly terrain and high altitudes. GIS applications are also very instrumental in determining whether an area to be developed is appropriate and safe as site development. Application of GIS is also an information technology used to analyze and identify the hilly terrain, and makes the hill slope failure as one of the important studies. The slope failure was originally natural environmental processes are common. However, when people began to interact with the natural environment, especially on hilly terrain or high altitudes, the problem of slope failure is a major issue and a threat to humans. Therefore, GIS is an information system is essential nowadays to be considered in the planning of national development projects. Therefore, this research study conducted using GIS in determined the environmental sensitivity development based slope failure.

METHODOLOGY

GIS technology has capability to determined slope failure, which needed several data for analysis purposes like elevation data and contour maps, land used map data, original map data, and vegetation map data [2-4]. These data can be received from government department or agencies, height and topographic data maps, data from internet sources, and data from documentation includes publications. The selected area for this research study is Selangor State, which highlighted rapid development of land used for human activities. Accordingly, the first step will be entering all data into database, which involve with the physical and environment components; while the second step will be identification and preparation based on the data layers that required in the research study; and the third step are storing data into database for designed. The storage is referring to non-spatial data elements and geographical data.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The results indicate the sensitivity slope (Figure 1), prohibited development area (Figure 2), and build up activities within the slope area (Figure 3). In sensitivity slope, the sensitive area covers 1.7% and most sensitive covers 5.7%. According to the Figure 1, most of the location is lies in the East, which is more towards Ulu Selahgor, Gombak, and Ulu Langat. Continuously, prohibited development area is covering about 7.4% of sensitive area in the 25% to 40% degree of steepness in the area. 7.4% of this area represents a critical area of 603 km2 of the 8154 km² area in Selangor State. Lastly, build up activities within slope area can be categorized as industrial, institutional and facilities, residential, business and services, and open space and recreational. The steepness parameter determined 0 % to 15 % is no risk area for slope failure, while 15 % to 25 % are less risk area for slope failure, 25 % to 40 % are moderate risk area for slope failure, and more that 40 % are high risk area for slope failure. Generally, the potential for slope failure risk areas are Ulu Selangor, Gombak and Ulu Langat because the area is located at high ground area. Meanwhile, the area with potential less occurrence of slope failure is Sepang Districts, Klang, Petaling, Kuala Selangor and Sabak Bernam. Continuously, majority residential area is located at Gombak and Hulu Langat with slope sensitivity is between 25 % to 40 % degree of steepness. Thus, residential area is at high risk of slope failure.

CONCLUSION

As conclusion, the sensitivity slope with normal sensitive area covers 1.7% and most sensitive area covers 5.7%, which lies in East towards Ulu Selahgor, Gombak, and Ulu Langat. Continuously, the prohibited development area is covering about 7.4% of sensitive area in the 25% to 40% degree of steepness in the area, which represents a critical area of 603 km² of the 8154 km² area in Selangor State. Build up activities within slope area can be categorized as industrial, institutional and facilities, residential, business and services, and open space and recreational; while the steepness parameter determined 0 % to 15 % is no risk area for slope failure, while 15 % to 25 % are less risk area for slope failure, 25 % to 40 % are moderate risk area for slope failure, and more that 40 % are high risk area for slope failure. Majority residential area is located at Gombak and Hulu Langat with slope sensitivity is between 25 % to 40 % degree of steepness, which is at high risk of slope failure.

REFERENCES

[1] Clark, C. D. (1997). Reconstructing the evolutionary dynamics of former ice sheets using multi temporal evidence, remote sensing and GIS. Quaternary Science Reviews, 16(9), 1067-1092.

[2] Hua, A. K. (2016). Pengenalan Rangkakerja Metodologi dalam Kajian Penyelidikan: Satu Kajian Literatur. Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 1(2), 17-24.

[3] Hua, A. K. (2016). Introduction to Metodology Framework in Research Study. Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH), 1(2), 17-24.

[4] Hua, A. K. (2016). Introduction to Framework Metodology in Research Study. Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH), 1(4), 42-52.

River Corridor Development towards Water Quality Preservation in UTM River

Abstract

UTM River water quality is decrease due to increase of human activities in land used. This research study is conducted to investigate the status of water quality and develop river corridor in UTM River. 7 sampling station are determined along UTM River, which is upstream, middle-stream, and downstream; where the water are test for 6 physico-chemical parameter namely DO, pH, BOD, COD, SS, and NH₃N. The water are analysis based on APHA 2005 that divided into two categories, in-situ analysis for DO and pH, and laboratory analysis for BOD, COD, SS and NH₃N. Result indicates UTM River is majority in class 1 and class 2. However, uncontrolled and unmanageable of rapid development in land used activities will possibility and probability to cause river water pollution to increase into class 3 and class 4. Therefore, the corridor concept has possibility to control and prevent from further pollution. Several suggestions could also be taken into account, namely maintenance plan, widening and deepening the river, improving existing corridor, cleaning the river, etc. Therefore, if the river corridor development could be achieved, then the UTM River are possible to be improve from continuous polluted.

Keywords: river corridor, physico-chemical parameter, in-situ analysis, laboratory analysis

Citation of Article:

Hua, A.K., & Ping, O.W. (2018). River Corridor Development towards Water Quality Preservation in UTM River. International Journal of Research, 5(16), 1278-1285.

INTRODUCTION

River water pollution can be detected from two sources, namely point source and non-point sources pollution [7]. Point source pollution can be defines as ‘any single identifiable source of pollution from which pollutants are discharged, such as a pipe, ditch, ship or factory’ [4]. In other words, contamination sources through domestic sewage, animal husbandry waste, and industrial waste, are easily detected with naked eye that disposed directly into rivers. Meanwhile, non-point source pollution is defined as ‘diffuse or runoff pollution that inputs and impacts occur over a wide area and are not easily attributed to a single source’ [13]. Possible pollutants to contribute nonpoint source pollution are animal husbandry waste, agricultural waste, forestry, rural-suburban-urban development, and so on. Both of point and nonpoint source pollution brings negative impact such as disruption of food-chains, brings death to aquatic animals, spreading disease, causing destruction of ecosystem, and so on. Hence, the source of pollutants can be reduced by controlling the land used that carried out for human activity.

According to the Department of Environment (DOE) Malaysia report in 2012, about 338 river are consider clean in 2005 had reduce until 278 in 2012, while slightly polluted river in 2005 are 166 increase until 191 in 2012, and polluted river in 2005 are 90 are also increase until 125 in 2012 [3]. The major pollutants detected were biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), ammoniacal nitrogen (NH₃N), and suspended solid (SS); which can be attributed to inadequate treatment of sewage or effluent from agro-based and manufacturing industries, while SS are connected with the improper earthworks and land clearing activities [3; 8]. This condition are no exceptional to happen in developing country like Malaysia [9], especially in UTM River. Based on the map, most probably the river is flow across engineering and chemistry faculty, several food courts, laboratories, and football field before entering the Skudai river. Therefore, this research study is conducted to determine the status of water quality and develop river corridor towards water quality preservation of UTM River.

METHODOLOGY

Water samples are collected along the UTM River with 7 sampling stations is determined based on upstream river, middle-stream river, and downstream river (Figure 1). The water samples are collected using ‘grab sampling’ and it will be analyzed based on physic-chemical parameter namely Dissolved Oxygen (DO), acidic/basic water (pH), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), suspended solid (SS), and ammoniacal nitrogen (NH₃N) [1; 5; 6]. Meanwhile, analysis of physic-chemical parameter is divided into two categories, namely in-situ and laboratory analysis. In-situ analysis will involve with DO and pH, while laboratory analysis involve with BOD, COD, SS and NH₃N. Raw water sample are analysis based on APHA 2005 methods, for example BOD based APHA 5210-B, COD based APHA 5220-C, SS based APHA 2540-D, and NH₃N based 5220-C. Before collecting data for water quality assessment, site observation is carried out to determine the access of sampling area to avoid difficulties in obtaining the results [10-12].

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Figure 2 indicate the analysis of UTM River water quality for DO, BOD, COD, pH, SS, and NH₃N in 7 sampling stations. According to table 1 of National Water Quality Standard for Malaysia, BOD and NH₃N parameter indicate class 2 and class 3. Continuously, DO parameter show majority water quality are in class 3, except station 5 that resulted in class 2. Next, SS parameter explained station 2 and station 5 are in class 1, while others are in class 2. Lastly, COD parameter determines station 1, station 3 and station 5 is class 2 while others are class 3; and pH parameter shows only station 5, station 6 and station 7 is class 1 while others are class 2.

According to the result shows that UTM River has possibility and probability to cause water pollution until class 3 and class 4 due to excessive and extreme land used development for human activities within the UTM River. Several land use activities are detected that carried out along UTM River, namely residential activity, agricultural activity (small scale), road and bridges construction activity, building construction activity, and sedimentation activity.

Conservation and Management

Evaluation of chemical and physical parameters in UTM is detected from land used activities that carry out along the corridor of UTM River, which become main impact to the river water quality. Decreasing quality green zone along the UTM campus especially several activities like construction building and business premises are need to adapt cleanliness attitude, which is needed to improve the downstream river and effort to protect and preserve existing buffer zone.

Maintain river water quality is complex and requires good knowledge of the state of the river. There are no guidelines for designers to plan this maintenance. Therefore, the best way is to identify what actions are necessary to maintain the structure and function of the river corridor. This issue can be made of an understanding of the types of threats that have implications for the UTM and how the system reflexes against this threat. Symptoms of Sungai UTM problem has been identified and is also one of the objectives of the two in this study.

Preservation Technique in UTM River

In achieving the river corridor development objective, buffer zone is the most appropriate and suitable to be applying in UTM River. Advantages to used buffer zone concept is the existing space without having any interruption between ground and a river or stream (Figure 3 and 4), which concern on the element of ecological, environmental management, habitat diversity, and impact on fauna and aquatic ecosystems. The importance of the buffer zone is to control pollutants. Apart from buffer zone, it’s also rename as trap zone, protection zone, or zone weeks to river management. The definition of a buffer zone is maintained riverfront area adjacent to the river or lake to protect water quality, fish habitat, and other natural resources [2]. Suggestion for buffer zone is by letting plants to grown by itself.

Buffer Zone Function

Buffer zones are very important requirements for breeding flora and fauna and other aquatic life. This zone can be used as a zone where natural processes are allowed to occur as the formation of the twists and turns of the river, erosion control and pollution as well as the stability of the banks. Plants such as grasses and bamboo grow naturally along rivers. Protection of the banks in the form of plants is an attractive alternative in terms of aesthetics, if the plants can be maintained. A creeping plant roots form properly bind and strengthen the banks. The grass layer is installed as bank protection will be able to withstand erosion. Revetment vegetation also will not prevent the dynamic interaction between the river and the water which is very important for the ecological network that generates aquatic life. Revetment in the form of plants will also contribute to the preservation water quality because it will encourage the life of micro-organisms which in turn will clean up the rivers from organic waste. In the long run, life will encourage micro-organism or trigger a suitable habitat for plants, animals, birds, fish and others. Apart from perfecting the aquatic habitat, vegetation along the banks also will produce the buffer zone can filter the silt, fertilizers and other pollution remains washed away into the river. Shallow riverbed silt, silt as a result of the problems arising from the absence of vegetation along river banks.

Formation of Buffer Zone

According to the Department of Irrigation and Drainage, riverside areas with reserves of mangrove forests (mangroves) additional shift of reserves required to be held for the purpose of controlling pollution. Generally, the recommended reserves is 100 meters for the development of tourism, 500 meters to 1000 meters of housing construction and for the construction industry. Replanting the river banks by natural vegetation would contribute towards the establishment of aquatic habitats and in the long term to the stability of the banks. Width of plants intended for planting along the banks is due to the width of 5-10m is most suitable for guaranteeing the stability of banks and the creation of habitats. Planting should also reflect the kinds of natural plants. The benefits from various types of vegetation can be focus to the grass and small plants. Small plants should also be planted in groups of at planting in rows to increase chances of breeding. As far as possible the width of the plants to be grown is possible that in the great river reaches up to 30 meters. Planning should also be made for the costs of preparation, care costs and other costs involved. Solid fences should be built to protect these plants.

Fixing River Reservation

With the increase in the value of land, especially in urban and suburban areas are developing rapidly, and the use of modern machinery capable of using limited space, there is a demand for a smaller river reserves than recommended by the JPS Department. Fixing river reserves must take into account factors river channel whether it is a natural channel, a mat or a combination of both.

The table 2 above is a minimum width measured at the narrowest part of a section of the reserve, where borders do not necessarily follow the river loop. For those who already have the river twists and turns stable, for example in the coastal basin preferably the entire width of the river meandering river reserves should be used. However, often it may not be possible to build in the area. River reserve requirements in the area of development, the municipality or in the area where the discharge of flood water does not exceed the existing banks, depending on the local situation and determined in accordance with the requirements of the design with a minimum area of 5.0 meters must be provided for maintenance work.

The type of plant is important in obtaining optimal results. Some areas have a total area reserves UTM is not real. Although some have the green area it may not be effective because the green area has only grass area only. A buffer zone is perfect to have a combination of plants such as grass, shrubs and large trees, because each plant species can be affected differently. The species to be planted should be of local seeds to maximize environmental benefits. Plants also be planted as close as possible to the water's edge to add interest to the aquatic habitat. Planting should also reflect the kinds of natural plants. The benefits of various types of plants are focus to turf grass and small plants. If possible to speedy recovery methods for plant species that grow quickly are highly encouraged.

CONCLUSION

Although UTM River water quality status is in class 3 and possible to change into class 4, the corridor concept has possibility to control and prevent from further pollution. Several suggestions could also be taken into account, namely maintenance plan, widening and deepening the river, improving existing corridor, cleaning the river, etc. Therefore, if the river corridor development could be achieve, then the UTM River are possible to be improve from continuous polluted.

REFERENCES

[1] APHA (2005). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 21^sted. Washington: American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation.

[2] Azamuddin Arsad (2009). Development of River Restoration Plan for UpstreamTributary of Sungai Pulai based on Water Quality and Land Used Activities. Thesis; Master of Environmental Engineering, UTM.

[3] Department of Environment (DOE) Malaysia (2012). Malaysia Environmental Quality Report 2012.

[4] Hill, M.K. (1997). Understanding Environmental Pollution. 1^st Edition: Cambridge University Press, 316pp.

[5] Hua, A. K. (2017). Classification Based Water Quality Index (WQI) in UTM River.International Journal of Scientific Research in Science & Technology, 3(1), 294-297.

[6] Hua, A. K. (2017) Potentially Land Used Pattern Contributing Pollution Source Towards Water Quality: A Case Study of UTM River. International Journal of Research Studies, 1(1), 1-4.

[7] Hua, A. K., & Kusin, F. M. (2015). Applied GIS in Assessment Water Quality Modeling in the Malacca River. Case Study: Introduction to Research Study.International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology, 1(3), 70-74.

[8] Hua, A.K. (2015). Public Perception in Water Resources Development Case Study: Malacca River. International Journal of Humanities & Social Science Studies. 2(2), 78-86.

[9] Hua, A. K., & Marsuki, M. Z. (2014). Public perception towards environmental awareness. Case study: Malacca River. International Journal of Academic Research in Environment and Geography, 1(2), 53-61.

[10] Hua, A. K. (2016). Pengenalan Rangkakerja Metodologi dalam Kajian Penyelidikan: Satu Kajian Literatur. Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 1(2), 17-24.

[11] Hua, A. K. (2016). Introduction to Metodology Framework in Research Study. Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH), 1(2), 17-24.

[12] Hua, A. K. (2016). Introduction to Framework Metodology in Research Study. Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH), 1(4), 42-52.

[13] Lazarus, R.J. (1978). The Clean Water Act and Related Developments in The Federal Water Pollution Control Program During 1977 - Nonpoint Sources. 176p. Retrieved from

http://www.law.harvard.edu/faculty/rlazarus/docs/articles/Lazarus_Clean_Water_Act_1981.pdf

LULC versus Slope Failure: An Analysis of GIS Approach

Abstract

Highlands are important and taken seriously considered in development planning to avoid slope failure happened. Thus, GIS technique has ability to identify sensitive slopes using specific analyzes such as the analysis of space duplicity and slope analysis. This research study conducted to determined possible land used land cover in according to slope failure by using GIS approach. GIS techniques required several data for analysis, namely elevation data and contour maps, land used map data, original map data, and vegetation map data; which can be received from government department or agencies, height and topographic data maps, data from internet sources, and data from documentation includes publications. The selected area for this research study is Selangor State, which highlighted rapid development of land used for human activities. Accordingly, the first step will be entering all data into database, which involve with the physical and environment components; while the second step will be identification and preparation based on the data layers that required in the research study; and the third step are storing data into database for designed. The storage is referring to non-spatial data elements and geographical data. Results indicate the steepness parameter in determining the slope failure are 0 % to 15 % is no risk area, 15 % to 25 % are less risk area, 25 % to 40 % are moderate risk area, and more that 40 % are high risk area. GIS technique expressed three areas to have significantly high percentage to cause slope failure, namely Ulu Selangor, Gombak and Hulu Langat. As conclusion, the government and private sector should take note for not continues to suggest any development within the area for the sake of people quality life and properties.

Keywords: highlands, GIS, slope failure, steepness parameter

Citation of Article:

Hua, A.K., & Ping, O.W. (2018). LULC versus Slope Failure: An Analysis of GIS Approach. International Journal of Research, 5(16), 1274-1277.

INTRODUCTION

Analysis hilly terrain or highlands is one of the most important and should be seriously considered in development planning to avoid slope failure happened. Usually, the developers explore the slopes of the hill as the site development primarily as a resort and residential sites. Highland area is an area that is particularly suitable as a site for housing or resort because of its advantages in terms of the landscape surrounding, which are able to attracted many residents and tourists especially from the high incomes. Hence, this may led to many investors and developers to build construction or building on high ground to gain high profits, but fail to concerned the security level.

In ensuring the slopes with potential slope failure, it is unpredictable and absolutely undetermined. Furthermore, the developer usually runs development projects in the slope area without doing a detailed review of the development site. Therefore the application of geographic information system should be implemented for each planning area development projects, especially in hill slope area. Therefore, the security level of development is more secure. The parties involved in development projects that without knowing the factors of causes slope failure occurred on the slopes of the hill, is a serious problem faced by third-party developers. This is because without understanding and knowing the factors and processes involved in the slopes of the hill on the slope failure, then this becomes a serious problem to the parties responsible for the project development. For example, the recruitment process of early preventive measures either during construction or after construction is completed. Typically, the problem of landslides is caused by third-party developers to carry out development on hilly terrain, which could happen due to without knowing the factors of the natural environment and processes in the slope. In additional, the developer is less emphasis on early prevention measures and the level of safety in construction sites also could cause slope failure to occur.

Hill slope failure, especially landslides will have adverse effects. For example, loss of life, destruction of homes and destruction of property becomes a major problem to the parties involved and the physical destruction of the landscape. This problem become a key issue when landslides involving humans. For example, the incident occurred in December 2008, a landslide in Selangor State which the case involving 93 victims of a landslide and buried 14 bungalows in Taman Bukit Mewah and Taman Bukit Utama in Bukit International. The landslide was reported to have claimed four lives and loss of property worth millions of ringgit, and the people who live around Mount International of 3000 to 5000 people were ordered to evacuate immediately [1]. Therefore, this issue should be solved through analysis of the geographical information system to identify sensitive slopes using specific analyzes such as the analysis of space duplicity and slope analysis. Therefore, this research study conducted to determined possible land used land cover in according to slope failure by using GIS approach.

METHODOLOGY

GIS technique become essentially effective in determinant slope failure, which compulsory needed several data for analysis purposes like elevation data and contour maps, land used map data, original map data, and vegetation map data. These data can be received from government department or agencies, height and topographic data maps, data from internet sources, and data from documentation includes publications [2-4]. The selected area for this research study is Selangor State, which highlighted rapid development of land used for human activities. Accordingly, the first step will be entering all data into database, which involve with the physical and environment components; while the second step will be identification and preparation based on the data layers that required in the research study; and the third step are storing data into database for designed. The storage is referring to non-spatial data elements and geographical data.

RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS

According to the Figure 1 indicate the land used land cover with slope sensitivity in Selangor State. Based on the GIS technique indicate that build up area can be categorized as industrial, institutional and facilities, residential, business and services, and open space and recreational. The steepness parameter determined 0 % to 15 % is no risk area for slope failure, while 15 % to 25 % are less risk area for slope failure, 25 % to 40 % are moderate risk area for slope failure, and more that 40 % are high risk area for slope failure. Generally, the potential for slope failure risk areas are Ulu Selangor, Gombak and Ulu Langat because the area is located at high ground area. Meanwhile, the area with potential less occurrence of slope failure is Sepang Districts, Klang, Petaling, Kuala Selangor and Sabak Bernam. Continuously, majority residential area is located at Gombak and Hulu Langat with slope sensitivity is between 25 % to 40 % degree of steepness. Thus, residential area are at high risk of slope failure.

According to the steepness parameter shows the three areas have steep slopes ranging from 25% to 40% degree of steepness. Similarly, the parameters on the basis of the development of these three areas is included in the risk area of ​​dense development in the area there, especially on the slopes of the hill slope at 15% to 25% and some development lies in the degree of 25% to 40% degree of steepness. While the parameters by cover plants also showed Ulu Selangor, Gombak and Hulu Langat is an area that suffered the loss of plant cover, especially on slopes in degrees of 15% to 25% and a fraction of 25% to 40% and above. Therefore, the analysis found that three of these areas is the most significant area or areas which are strongly affected by the three parameters compared with the other regions that have not yet solid construction area is located in the slope. Similarly, the area of ​​plant cover it lacks in other areas, however, does not lie in the slope. Therefore, it indicates the steepness parameter is the parameter that most affects the slope failure, in addition to development parameters and vegetation cover at the same time also as a measure of the slope failure.

CONCLUSION

The steepness parameter determined 0 % to 15 % is no risk area for slope failure, while 15 % to 25 % are less risk area for slope failure, 25 % to 40 % are moderate risk area for slope failure, and more that 40 % are high risk area for slope failure. GIS technique expressed three areas to have significantly high percentage to cause slope failure, namely Ulu Selangor, Gombak and Hulu Langat. Therefore, the government and private sector should take note for not continues to suggest any development within the area for the sake of people quality life and properties.

REFERENCES

[1] Weng Chan, N. (1998). Responding to landslide hazards in rapidly developing Malaysia: a case of economics versus environmental protection. Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal, 7(1), 14-27.

[2] Hua, A. K. (2016). Pengenalan Rangkakerja Metodologi dalam Kajian Penyelidikan: Satu Kajian Literatur. Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 1(2), 17-24.

[3] Hua, A. K. (2016). Introduction to Metodology Framework in Research Study. Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH), 1(2), 17-24.

[4] Hua, A. K. (2016). Introduction to Framework Metodology in Research Study. Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH), 1(4), 42-52.

History of Mathematical Number and Operational: A Review

Abstract

Mathematics become important and frequently applies in human daily life, especially involve with numbering and operational. The historical of mathematical development in numbering are exist in Egyptian, Greek, Roman, Chinese, Mayan and Hindu-Arabic; and operational involve in Egyptian, Babylon, Hindu, Chinese, and Arabia. The numbers and operational is continuously developed until today. Various researchers is still work hard to improve the numbers and operational through variety of modeling and statistical analysis. Therefore, the invaluable advances will improve the quality of human life through the mathematical subject.

Keywords: mathematics, history, numbering, operational, quality life.

Citation of Article:

Ping, O.W., & Hua, A.K. (2018). History of Mathematical Number and Operational: A Review. International Journal for Social Studies, 4(6), 82-94.

INTRODUCTION

Mathematics is knowledge about researching in quantity, structure, space and so on [5-7]. Among the mathematics that important and frequently involve in human daily life is the numbering and the operational. During ancient time, humans have been applying calculation in their lives [1-4; 8-9]. As an evidenced, the discovery of the tally marks in Zaire in 6000 B.C. (Figure 1) and the knot on a rope in Peru (Figure 2).

DISCUSSIONS

The History of Numbering

The development of the earliest numbering system is in Egypt around 3400 B.C. The Egyptian numbering system is also known as the hieroglyphic system as the number is very unique and complex, and look like painting of flowers, fingers, frogs and human (Figure 3). The numbering system uses as the collection 10 and the power of 10. Additional, the Egyptian numbering system also involve with the addition operational where each image shows calculation of its own and having complex, due to the number that required to be added separately according to symbols.

In 3000 B.C. to 2000 B.C., the numbering systems are known as cuneiform, which exist in Babylonian times. This numbering system only uses 2 symbols to represent the numbers, namely one and ten. The placing numbering is unique and it has own structure to represent each number. Babylonian numbering system only has the number one to number fifty nine (Figure 5). The number sixty and above, will requires the calculation by using the power based of sixty and the symbols have to be multiplied by 60 to get the real value (Figure 6). One of the disadvantages of the numbering system of Babylonian is the confusing of value placing. Therefore, earlier Babylonian mathematicians have created overlapping triangular shape to differentiate the value of places. Additional, the Babylonian numbering does not recognize the multiplication tables as a number in their numbering system.

In Greek numbering system, it developed around 600 B.C. up to 450 B.C., and has 2 type of principles namely acrophonic and alphabet. Acrophonic principle system using the first letter of the name of the number, for example 5 is call penta, and the symbols is  (Figure 7). Meanwhile, the situation is different in a system that uses 24 letters of alphabets and the creation of three new symbols to make up the numbers (Figure 8). For example, alpha is number 1, beta is number 2, and so on.

Roman numbering system is developed in 500 A.D. and the system is still use until today. The basis symbol is Roman numbering of I (1), V (5), and X (10) (Figure 9). The system is also involve with operational of add and minus whereby if a smaller number is on the left side then added will be involve. For the minus operational, a larger number will be on the left side and a smaller number will be on right side. Therefore, it will involve a lot of symbols when larger numbers is involved. Then it came with the L, C, D, and M, representing a value of 50, 100, 500, and 1000 (Figure 10). This symbol appears from the changes of V and X.

Chinese numbering system is start around 213 B.C. in China. It uses 18 rod and 14 Chinese writing. Up-to-date, only the 14 Chinese writing is still used to represent the number (Figure 11), yet the 18 rod have disappeared (Figure 12).

At 300 B.C., Mayan numbering system already exist and this numbering system using two basic symbols namely point represent as 1 and horizontal line represent as 5 (Figure 13). On that time, multiplication table symbols are introduced. Mayan numbering system is more advanced than the Babylonian numbering system. Mayan numbering system is also involved in the adding operation and use to the power of based 20. The method of calculation is very unique as it is written vertically as in Figure 14.

Lastly, the Hindu-Arabic numbering system is widely used in nowadays. Hindu-Arabic numbering system developed at around 600 A.D. and uses 10 symbols of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. This system is unique because it has own placing and uses the bases of 10. Hindu-Arabic numbering system of the earliest countries starting to apply is from India, and its start to expand into other countries. When it expanded to other countries, the system applied the changes for flexibility with the culture of that country until the updated of Hindu-Arabic numbering system was introduced (Figure 15).

The History of Operational

The Egypt and The Babylon

Since 2000 B.C., there are four types of basic operational being recorded until these days in Egypt and Babylon, namely added, subtract, multiple and divide. The tools for calculation of plus and minus are abacus or counting board. Figure 16 showing the founder, Pythagoras using abacus for conducting the operational and Boethius uses pen and paper. Meanwhile, Figure 17 explains the calculation of addition operation of the two numbers is performed using counting board. The counting board is divided according to the place, which is one (I), ten (X), hundred (C), thousands (M) and so on. If the ‘room’ has reached to a maximum of 10 seeds, then the number will be removed and the seeds are added to another site which is subsequently higher than the room. So, the minus operation are the same as additional operation, which can be shown in Figure 18.

Multiple and divide methods of Egypt is recorded in The Rhind Papyrus, is carry out using duplication or two consecutive double. The Rhind Papyrus is important document for the Egyptian mathematician. The document length is 5m, and there are 84 issues provided by a writer named Ahmed in 1600 B.C. based on the sources. For example, multiple of 69 with 19, the first duplication of 69 are 1 and 69, next duplication is between 2 and 138, 4 with 276, 8 with 552, and 16 with 1104. 19 is the sum of 16, 2 and 1, which shows that result of multiple 69 with 19 is the additional operation between 1104, 138 and 69, is 1311. The divide operation are also have same process.

The Hindu (multiple and divide operational)

Mathematicians Hindu fascinated with numbers, whether involving ordinary arithmetic operations or solution for defined or undefined equations. Addition and multiplication method used by Hindu is the same as the modern methods that we use today. Hindu multiplication is commonly used lattice multiplication, can also be known as gelosia multiplication, multiplication cell or multiplication grille quadrilateral. The existing of gelosia multiplication is unclear, but it was widely used in 12th century, and was brought from India to China and Arabia. There are two ways for this lattice multiplication. For example, 537 multiplied by 24. The number of 537 is written on the lattice, while the number of 24 can be written on the left side of the lattice under or to the right from the top. The product of partial occupies a square cell. Digits in diagonal rows are added and the product is read from bottom to top or from right to left on the bottom. Figure 19 shows two ways Hindu lattice multiplication.

The pattern of long division is known as "scratch method" or "method galley ", which also comes from India. Figure 20 show ‘Ghali’ division of the 16^th century, which from a manuscript monk Venetian that is unpublished. The title of the work is "Opus Arithmetica D. Honorati Veneti monachj coenobij S. Lauretig". Method galley is almost the same as the divide method in modern era, but there is little difference. In the galley, the numbers can be written in the middle, where the calculation involves with the cutting digit and the less number will be placed on top. Hence, the balance will exist above and divide results is located on the right hand side. The number position in column position is important than the number in line. For example, 2957 is not written in the same line, but must be written from left to right.

These methods can be explain more detail by using 44977 divide with 382, which can be shown as below for divide operational of modern era with ghali method.

Chinese Multiple and Divide Operational

Chinese multiplication is performed using arithmetic counting board. For example, 83 X 27 = 2241. The calculation is started with the 8 times 2 and the product of 16 written on the digit 2 in the same column. Then, the calculation of 8 times 7 is 56 and is also written on the digit 7 in the same column. Both the product gets added 27 216. Then, there are 27 will be moved one space to the right and one row is added. The process was repeated, and the result of 3 times 2 times 6 written on 2 digits in the same column, 3 times 7 is 21 and is also written on the digit 7 in the same column. Finally, added the entire number and the division result provided as 2241. Similarly, China carried out using arithmetic counting board.

The same concept will be used in the Chinese’s divide operational, only the process of added of the multiplication is changed to minus. This is because 18 are not able to be minus by 71, then 71 is moved from one space to the right hand side. The minus process for 71 is repeated until the number in the row-middle cannot be conducted. Again, 71 moved one space to the right and the minus process of 71 is repeated. Both minus and switch process for 71 is repeatedly executed until the last digit. Finally, the result will be 265.

Arabia Multiple and Divide Operational

Multiple by Ibn Labban for 325 X 243 = 2241 can be describe as below:

Conclusion

According to the history of mathematics, the numbers and operational is continuously developed until today. Yet, various researchers is still work hard to improve the numbers and operational through variety of modeling and statistical analysis. Therefore, the invaluable advances will improve the quality of human life through the mathematical subject.

References

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