LOCAL ACADEMIA SCHOLAR: Water Sustainability Development In Malacca River

Citation of Book:
Hua, A.K. (2015). Water Sustainability Development in Malacca River. German: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing

PAGE COVER
IMPRINT
APPRECIATION
ABSTRACT
CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO WATER SUSTAINABILITY IN MALACCA RIVER
CHAPTER 2 WATER SUSTAINABILITY IN MALAYSIA
CHAPTER 3 THE BACKGROUND OF MALACCA RIVER
CHAPTER 4 CASE STUDY: WATER SUSTAINABILITY IN MALACCA RIVER
CHAPTER 5 ANALYSIS OF WATER SUSTAINABILITY IN MALACCA RIVER
CHAPTER 6 SUMMARY, SUGGESTION AND CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

PAGE COVER

IMPRINT

APPRECIATION

I am very grateful to God because His grace and bounty gave me the strength to complete the research study. With His permission, I am able to fulfill part of the requirement to graduate as Master Degree of Science.

Furthermore, I also would like to express my sincere appreciation and thanks to Dr Mohd Zuhdi bin Marsuki, as my supervisor in this research study for his encouragement, advice, assistance, and contributions of his ideas throughout this project. All his guidance for time and effort will always be remember.

In the same time, I also would like to thanks to staff from department of Science and Technology Studies, who lend me a lot of help when I’m in problem. So, the help from the staff makes the research study easy to achieve the success.

On the other hand, I would like to thank to my family and my friends, for always giving me moral support and encouragement, and also to the people that involved in this research study. With this, I will have the strength and confidence to complete this research study.

Lastly, I am very grateful to everyone again for the support and helps, so that I can successfully settle up my research study. So, everything that serve as a good thing is come from God, and everything that serve as a bad thing is come from me. Before I ended this page, I would like to apologize for bad thing that I had done. Thank You.

ABSTRACT

Water is a natural resourced that create by God for living and non-living things to used it wisely. Water will lead the living and non-living things to connect each other and sustain the quality on Earth. In other words, water helps the living things to continue their life, same goes to the human. Human make used the water for drinking, bathing, washing, etc., where they really make full use on the water. Since that, human start to innovate in their life style, just to fulfill their own satisfaction. The human introduce machine and technology, which is the most incredible product that every human can’t miss to purchase it. This situation caused the human start to forget about the beneficial use of water in their society. For example, factories used the water to create their product for the worldwide demand, and the waste product that create from the process dump into the river or into the ground. This process is continuous until destruction towards the environment exist especially water pollution. So, there will need some suitable method to help in reduce and stop the cause of the pollution from spread into the sea. Since human realize the factor that cause the water to get polluted is from factorization activities, agricultural activities, and development activities, so they need to stop the action by doing some awareness activities and increase the ethical value inside them; meanwhile other expertise will plan to create new technology that can recycle or renew the polluted water into clean water. This research is to reveals on how they care and love the environment especially river through their knowledge and awareness towards the ecology and water pollution in the river. So, from there, this research also exposed on how and what they can do to save the river by participate activities that promote from the non-government organization. With the knowledge and participation from the citizen is not enough. So, this research also analyze on hoe the state government take the action in protecting environment by using the law and policy. This method is an early stage to predict and to see whether it can achieve when the peoples knowledge connect to participation and also government law and policy can help to reduce the pollution in the river for a long term. Even it will take a long period to achieve the plan in reducing the pollution, but it must be done because we as a human has a big responsibility in protect the environment that create by God. As a conclusion, human need to protect, save, love, and sustain the natural resources and environment from being destruction because these elements is cannot be recycle or be replaced by other elements and only this natural resources can help the human to keep continue living on Earth.

CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO WATER SUSTAINABILITY IN MALACCA RIVER

1.1 INTRODUCTION

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

1.3 RESEARCH QUESTION

1.4 OBJECTIVE OF STUDY

1.5 METHODOLOGY OF STUDY

1.6 ORGANIZATION REPORT

1.7 CONCLUSION

CHAPTER 2 WATER SUSTAINABILITY IN MALAYSIA

2.1 INTRODUCTION

2.2 WATER CHARACTERISTIC AND WATER ADVANTAGES

2.3 WATER SCARCITY

2.4 SUSTAINABILITY DEVELOPMENT

2.5 WATER SCARCITY IN MALAYSIA

2.6 TOWARDS WATER SUSTAINABILITY IN MALAYSIA

2.7 CONCLUSION

CHAPTER 3 THE BACKGROUND OF MALACCA RIVER

3.1 INTRODUCTION

3.2 THE HUMANITY CHARACTERISTIC OF MALACCA STATE

3.2.1 THE ACTIVITIES OF DEVELOPMENT AND MUNICIPAL

3.2.2 SERVICES AND INFRASTRUCTURE FACILITIES

3.3 THE PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTIC OF MALACCA STATE

3.3.1 LOCATION

3.3.2 CLIMATE

3.3.3 DRAINAGE SYSTEM

3.3.4 HYDROLOGY

3.3.5 LAND USE

3.3.6 ENVIRONMENTAL DEVELOPMENT

3.4 THE PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTIC OF MALACCA RIVER

3.5 CONCLUSION

CHAPTER 4 CASE STUDY: WATER SUSTAINABILITY IN MALACCA RIVER

4.1 INTRODUCTION

4.2 DATA COLLECTION METHOD

4.2.1 PRIMARY DATA

4.2.1.1 QUESTIONNAIRE METHOD

4.2.1.2 SAMPLING METHOD

4.2.1.3 INTERVIEW METHOD

4.2.1.4 OBSERVATION METHOD

4.2.2 SECONDARY DATA

4.2.2.1 LIBRARY STUDY

4.2.2.2 INFORMATION FROM THE INTERNET

4.2.2.3 DATA AND INFORMATION FROM DEPARTMENT

4.3 ANALYZE DATA METHOD

4.4 CONCLUSION

CHAPTER 5 ANALYSIS OF WATER SUSTAINABILITY IN MALACCA RIVER

5.1 INTRODUCTION

5.2 THE ANALYZE OF RESPONDENTS BIODATA

5.3 THE ANALYZE PERCEPTION OF MALACCA CITIZEN TOWARD MALACCA RIVER

ECOLOGY

5.4 ANALYZE PERCEPTION OF MALACCA CITIZEN TOWARD POLLUTION IN

MALACCA RIVER

5.5 THE ANALYZE OF MALACCA CITIZEN INVOLVE TO REDUCE POLLUTION IN

MALACCA RIVER

5.6 ANALYZE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF GOVERNMENT LEGISLATION AND

REGULATION

5.7 CONCLUSION

CHAPTER 6 SUMMARY, SUGGESTION AND CONCLUSION

6.1 INTRODUCTION

6.2 SUMMARY AND SUGGESITON

6.3 CONCLUSION

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO WATER SUSTAINABILITY IN MALACCA RIVER

Chapter 1.1 INTRODUCTION

Malacca is the smallest state in Malaysia after Perlis and Penang, which located in the southern region of the Malay Peninsula. The coordinate of Malacca is 2º 12’N, 102º 15’E, and it’s borders Negeri Sembilan to the north and Johor to the south. Malacca also known as a state of traditional because it is consists of “Baba and Nyonya” culture live in the societal and has been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 7 July 2008 as “Melaka Bandaraya Warisan Dunia”. This can be proven by the existing of Baba Nyonya Heritage Museum. The total area for Malacca state is 1,650 Km², which can be divided into 3 district : Central Malacca (31⁴ Km²), Alor Gajah (660 Km²), and Jasin (676 Km²). The total population is 830,900 (latest year of 2011), which can be divided into Malays (523,800), Chinese (210,100), Indians (49,400), other Bumiputera (9,600), Non-Malaysia (34,900), and others (4,000).

According to the Malacca history, Malacca is founded by Iskandar Shah in 1377 before Albuquerque in 1511, and taken by the Dutch from Portuguese in 1641. However, Malacca are believed to past to Great Britain in 1824 from the Dutch. The Great Britain landed in Malacca until 1963 before Malaysia become independent (Dobby, Dec 1939). Local government can be divided into three, which is Malacca City Council in Central Malacca district, Alor Gajah Municipal Council in Alor Gajah district, and Jasin Municipal Council in Jasin District; where its under government of Barisan National. The economy of Malacca citizen is depend on the tourism aspect and also industrial. “Melawat Melaka Bersejarah Beerti Melawat Malaysia” is a simple slogan for Malacca to attract more tourist inside the country as well as from outside country. The industrial are situated along the city include Batu Berendam, Cheng, Ayer Keroh and Tasik Utama. Some industrial area are situated outside the Malacca city, which is Alor Gajah. Facilities provided by government can be included the education and hospitality.

Chapter 1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

There are some river that flow in the Malacca state, which is Sungai Melaka, Sungai Ayer Salak, Sungai Lereh, Sungai Udang, Sungai Cheng, Sungai Baharu, and Sungai Batang Melaka. The main river is Malacca river, which is form from the join of the Sungai Melaka (small river) and Sungai Batang Melaka (small river). The water that flow in the Malacca river is starting from the village know as Kampung Ampang Batu Gadek. The river flow through the Kampung Buloh China, Kampung Pengkalan Panchor, Kampung Beringin, Kampung Tebing Tinggi, Kampung Tualang, and pass through the Malacca city before it reach to the sea.

According to the history, the Malacca state become superior is the result from the existence of the Malacca strait, which help the Malacca to be a main port in the past (Ricklefs, 1991). In the book of ‘A History of Modern Indonesia Since c1300’ written by Ricklefs, state that the development of Malacca state start in around 1400 years, where Parameswara found the place when he is resting under a tree and the tree which become a name for the state. Since there, Malacca state administration is begin in the year of 1400 and Parameswara became the first person to administer the state. He know that the strategic location exist at the Malacca straits, so he announce that Malacca state become an international port for ships to pass, especially China and India. He also take an advantage by providing some services like ship repair, food supply, and resting places for the sailor to stop at Malacca river for few days before they continue the journey. So, the Malacca straits and Malacca river become a very important area to provide the service and become international trade for the countries that are far from each other.

The superiority of Malacca state is still excellence until today and the Malacca river become the main water resources for the villages to use in their daily life, for example to catch fish (Norziela, 2010). However, the main river are being polluted because the rapid development of factorization activities that effect the water in the river. In the newspaper article from Utusan in 23^rd January 2010 and Berita Harian in 9^th August 2010, state that the factory activities that produce the chemical wastage are release into the drain and the chemical will flow into the river. This may cause the river to get polluted and it’s also kill almost animals that live in the river. The factory involve with the release chemical wastages is plastic factory, engineering factory, and food factory.

Without concerning on environmental impact, the organic matter from sewage and livestock wastes, and nutrients from fertilizers (Manuwadi, 1988) that produced by Malacca citizen and release it into the river can cause the water quality to decrease by spreading infectious diseases among the population when they use up the water. From the newspaper article, show that Malacca river is being polluted can also be connected with the livestock wastage. In the previous time, there are no restrict rule or specific areas to remove the sewage and livestock wastes. The continuous process of removing wastes product into the river may cause the river to get infected by disease. When the water is affected, this will eventually kill the fish inside the water and will affect the fisher to catch the fish. Even if the fish are still alive and being catch by the fisher, this will cause the consumer to get poisoned when they are having the fish as their meal.

Chapter 1.3 RESEARCH QUESTION

When the water in the river is being polluted, what are the main reason that can cause the water to get polluted? How important are the water to the human and living things is the water? What is the stages environmental awareness among Malacca? How are the Malacca citizen save the river? Did Malacca citizen love to join any program about saving environmental? How are the efficacy of governmental rules and regulations in promoting environmental concern among Malacca citizen?

Chapter 1.4 OBJECTIVE OF STUDY

Referring to the problem statement and research question, the crisis of water become a very big issue to the country. Sustaining the water has become an important field to restore the water in a large quantity and quality for the next generation. In this research project, water sustainability development in Malacca river can be divided into 3, which is;

to investigate the level of environmental awareness among Malacca citizen;
to evaluate the participation of Malacca citizen toward environmental concern;
to analyse the efficacy of governmental rules and regulations in promoting environmental concern among Malacca citizen.

Chapter 1.5 METHODOLOGY OF STUDY

Referring to the objective of the study above, water sustainability development in Malacca river can be divided into 3 main part, which can be described below.

i. Early stage

In the first stage, the researcher will choose a suitable title for a research that will held according to the main issues or problems. For example, Malacca river is having an issue about the water pollution in the river. Since there, the factors that affect the Malacca river to get polluted will become a research focus and a suitable title will be create according to the issue and research focus. After the title are stated, the discussion according to the goal, objective, and justification will be in progress.

ii. Collect Data Stage

In this stage, collecting data will be held. For this research, is mainly involve with the quantitative method, where it is involve with the questionnaire. The researcher will collect the data in two type, which is primary data and secondary data. The primary data will be collect through observation, interview with the Malacca citizen, questionnaire, statistic, etc. The secondary data will be collect through the federal government, government state, and also through article journals, books, newspapers, and etc. After the information are sufficient, the question will be plot for collecting the questionnaire data. The total sample for survey by questionnaire is 200 respondents. The survey will be distribute among two regions, which is Alor Gajah and Central Malacca. The main reason questionnaire are distribute to this two region is because the river is actually flow through this two region. So, the questionnaire will be distribute to the nearby villages because there are very high probability for the river to get polluted by human activities, including the factorizations.

iii. Analyses Data and Discussion Stage

In this stage, is involve with the analyses data and discussion for the result. After the questionnaire data have been collected, the data will be analyses by using SPSS software to see the results. Once the results are confirm, the discussion will be made accordingly to the results. Afterward, both the result and discussion will need to see are they meet the objective research or not. Finally, the conclusion will be made for this research.

Chapter 1.6 ORGANIZATION REPORT

After the research study have been made, a research report will be prepared and the report can be divided into 6 chapters, which is:

i. Chapter One

Chapter one will be describe in general about the background of the Malacca city, problem statement, research question, objective of research, and methodology of study. In briefly, this chapter is provided a general overview of Malacca to the reader.

ii. Chapter Two

Chapter two will be define more on literature review that have been studied by the researcher. In this chapter, contains a number of previous studies that were selected and uses as a reference by researchers.

iii. Chapter Three

Chapter three will be clarify more about the background of the study area of the Malacca city. In this chapter, it will be explain more on the physical characteristics, the characteristics of humanity, and the culture on the studied area.

iv. Chapter Four

Chapter four will be explain more on the collecting data, which is questionnaire data. The data will be collect according to the objective research, which is investigate the level of environment awareness among Malacca citizen, evaluate the participation of Malacca citizen towards environmental concern, and analyse the efficacy of government rules and regulation in promoting environmental concern among Malacca citizen.

v. Chapter Five

Chapter five is very important in this research because it is concern in the analyses the questionnaire data to get the results. In this chapter, SPSS software will be involve to analyses the questionnaire data to get the results and the results will be use to make the discussion for this research.

vi. Chapter Six

Chapter six will be explain more on the summary and suggestion according to the result from the analyses. The suggestion will be made to see the how the Malacca citizen can get involve in participation to the environmental concern. And in this chapter also will summarize all of the chapter and conclusion will be made at the end of the research report.

Chapter 1.7 CONCLUSION

In this chapter, is contains with the problem statement, the research question, the objective of study, the methodology of study, and the organization report. This chapter give a general information about the Malacca city and the issue of the environmental problem, which is water pollution that may cause various bad impact to the citizens. So, with the aim to meet the objective study through the help of methodology study can sees how are the Malacca citizen react through their knowledge, participation of their time, energy, and money, and also the regulation from the government to save as well as restore the quality of the environmental from being harm by human activities.

CHAPTER 2 WATER SUSTAINABILITY IN MALAYSIA

Chapter 2.1 INTRODUCTION

Water is a natural resources and important elements that covers 71 percent of the Earth’s, and it is very important for every form of life on Earth. Water can be found in oceans with 96.5 percent, in ground is 1.7 percent, and ice caps of Antarctica and Greenland. The freshwater only cover 2.5 percent, and 98.8 percent water is in ice and atmosphere, and even smaller amount of the Earth’s freshwater (0.003 percent) is contained within biological bodies and manufactured product (Gleick, 1993).

Water is one of the important element that are very need by living being such as human, animals, and plants, and also non-living things like soil, air, stone, and etc. For this situation, water are created into a flexible form, where it can be change into solid, liquid, and gas form. The main reason is because the water is consists of one heavy nucleus (which is oxygen) and two light molecules (which is hydrogen) (John L. Finney, 2004). In the article, state that the water molecule is bonded in O-H distance, where it is more in H-O-H condition with the angle of 104.52º (Benedict et al., 1956).

Chapter 2.2 WATER CHARACTERISTIC AND WATER ADVANTAGES

With the bonding that exist between oxygen and hydrogen which become one set of water molecule (H-O-H), is easy to transfer into other form by joining with the other sets of water molecule that create the solid and gas state. When the water are in the form of moisture state, is actually help to reduce the heat from the Earth and also help to maintain the quality of life for all of the livings and non-livings thing on Earth through the water cycle process (Dr. Art Sussman, 2006). When the water are in the ice state, is actually help to maintain the temperature of the Earth from being too hot when it is expose to the sun (John et al., 2000). So, the above sentence is show that how important are the water to the livings being and non-livings being for them to keep surviving on Earth. However, in this research, is not to study the bonding of the water molecule, but it is more on how are the issues or problems created by the human activities that can cause the water pollution to happen, and to investigate on how to stop the human activities from continue harm the water. So, this will create the power that transfer into electricity and provide the benefits to the human life everyday.

Water provide a lots of advantages for human to continue their daily lives. Water provided the usage to the industrial, agriculture, environmental activities, household, recreation, and etc. Until today, the human population is increase, caused the demand towards fresh water and food is increase. Water is being use for the industrial activities is about 22 per cent (Bielik et al, June 2010). The water will be used for cooling in the thermoelectric power plants, for chemical processes in oil refineries, for a solvent in manufacturing plants, and also not to forget water can provide as a hydroelectric dams, which is help to provide electricity. The most important is the water helps to create electricity is from hydropower; where water is driving a water turbine connected to a generator. Hydroelectricity is a low-cost, non-polluting and a renewable energy source, which is use in today for a sustainable towards environment. The motion of water that release from a high altitude of a dam will create a very powerful pressure which is forced through turbines that turn generators.

In agriculture activities, water will be use about 69 per cent for irrigation, where it’s actually provide food for the human (Bielik et al, June 2010). The main reason why water are needed in a huge amount because of the human population is increase nowadays. Since there, when human population is increase, the freshwater for drinking and also to provide food is needed in doubled or even tripled amounts to cover the human that live on the Earth (United Nations, 2007). However, when human population is increase, the probability to decrease the water crisis will be solved because a lot of intelligent humans will be born and will help to reduce the impact of lacking water. In the same time, the people may also build some technology that can create healthy food without using the water as natural resources.

For the general information, to sustain the water quality and quantity, environmental activities will be involved to help the reaction between living being and non-living being is connected and help each other to maintain the Earth. For example, when raining, the rain water will be drop onto the flat land and the water will be absorbed into the ground to become the groundwater. When the groundwater is moving, the people will pull out the water and process the water to become as drinking water (Schardt, 2010). At the same time, the motion of the water in the groundwater is also help to influence the movement of faults. So, when the water had reactions for both process, this will help to maintain the Earth from being destruction.

Environmental activities will use up the water in a small amount (Bielik et al, June 2010), where it is mainly to perform in maintaining the Earth quality, for example water cycle. The environmental activities is to helps maintaining the natural quality and keep avoid excessive heating by watering the Earth through raining, helps to keep the habitat for the wildlife in the lake, to helps in saving the fish spawn from the enemy in the water, and also helps to continue the natural flow without stop. Since human are very depend on the natural resource to fulfill the demand from the worldwide, the greedy attitude is start to stimulate in their mind and this will cause a selfishness attitude that born inside of their heart. At the same moment, the connection that link between living being and non-living being start to separate apart. This situation will create a disaster to the living being especially human itself and eventually will cause harm to the Earth.

Chapter 2.3 WATER SCARCITY

When the human population is increase, the demand towards the water is also increase (Del Duca et al, Jun 1966). The reason for the demand towards the water increase is use for the household activities. In the statistical information, the water use for household activities is estimated in 8 per cent (Bielik et al, June 2010). The household activities are included drinking water, bathing, cooking, cleanliness, and also gardening. In these activities, drinking water is the most important, because it is consist of clean water with sufficiently high quality and the water can keep from harm to human for a long term. Furthermore, the clean water will be supply not only for household activities, but also for industry activity and commerce activity. These activities bring several benefits to human. However, human are never satisfied with what they had today; instead, their activities created a lots of waste product that will cause water pollution to occur. The water pollution will cause destruction to Earth and automatically will cause harm to the human itself.

Water gave variety of advantages to the human. However, human pay back to the Earth with the waste product that can cause pollution in the long term. For example, water pollution caused the water to become scarcity among the human society (Nurse, 2012). Water scarcity can be appear when there are some problems involve with the water, which connected with the water crisis, water stress and water shortage. The three concepts in the water scarcity is described for almost the same meaning, where the clean water become lacking as a result of the human activities. Human activities like industrial waste, sewage and wastewater, radioactive waste, marine dumping, and etc, that creates plenty of waste products which can cause the water to get pollution. For example, a chemical industry, which is very need the clean water to process the chemical reaction. The chemical reaction will produce two types of elements, which is produced a requirement product and a waste product.

Some of the waste product is cannot be cycle to produce other product, so the chemical industry will take an action by planted the waste product into the ground or throwing the waste product into the river. The step is very easy, but this action will bring a big problem when the waste product is mix up with the clean water and pollute the water. So, human need to think twice before they take any irresponsible action by throwing the unwanted product that will cause harm or destruction to other element. At this moment, to stop the pollution, will involve with the creation of machine that can help to recycle the water pollution into clean water, through the natural purification processes to remove rhe pollutants to harmless substances (Morteza et al, 2012), control the human attitude by regulation, and by environmental awareness through ethical value. Therefore, the clean water can be saved from being totally get polluted by the waste chemical product from human activities.

Chapter 2.4 SUSTAINABILITY DEVELOPMENT

When the water pollution is increase in percentage, this will eventually cause the clean water to decrease in percentage (Pink, 2006). This situation will give a lot of effect to the human life. Therefore, a long-term planning is needed to maintain the clean water in large quantities for the future users. So, sustainability concept is one of the term that had been discussed throughout worldwide that they believe this concept can help to maintain and keep the clean water for use in the future generation. The definition of sustainability is one part of the sustainability development, which had been used by the Brundtland Commission of the United Nations in 20 March 1987. In the concept of sustainability development will involve with three main issues in the basic term of sustainability, which is economy, society and environment. These three factors can be concluded into “three pillars” of sustainability (United Nations, October 2005).

The three pillars will interrupt each other to form a more substantial in explaining the sustainability development concept. When the concept is finalized, the sustainability development will be used to predict the natural systems together with the social challenges that faced by humanity. So, when the environment is having a crisis or a big problem, this will eventually affect the economy and the society that demand on the natural resources, for example, water scarcity. The main reason for this situation to happen is the human activities that cause pollution, human awareness towards the environment, and the lacking of ethical value towards the environment (Armstrong, March 2006). So, to save the clean water from being continue harm by the human is by having or applying the sustainability development concept into daily life.

This concept can be apply into the water resource to maintain the quality and quantity for the next generation to purchase it. The definition for water sustainability can be describe as supplying or being supplied with water for life or, perhaps more precisely, as the continual supply of clean water for human uses and for other living things (Schnoor, 2010). In Schnoor article state that water nowadays become less in quality and quantity because of four main factors, which is population growth, climate change, land use change and energy choices, and global poverty. This four main factors cause the environmental to change in dramatically and effect the water natural. So, water sustainability term will be used to apply in today life to prevent from being destruct. He also believe that technology can solve almost every problem that involve with the water issues, instead, he added that to achieve the goal in sustaining the water, should involve with billions of people to take responsibility in participating their views and opinions in a big community as a family to save the environment.

Chapter 2.5 WATER SCARCITY IN MALAYSIA

Malaysia is a developing country. Various of development has been done by the government to help the citizen from difficulty. The physical development such as transport, communication, basic utilities, factories, and other facilities that can provide benefit to the citizen. The development may need to felling trees or forests to build the building for progress the work. In the same time, chopping down the trees also can reduce the impact for natural disaster to happen, for example natural erosion. However, the government never destroy or ignore the responsibility to restore the environment from become extinct. So, the development to the country is to become a developed country while maintaining a green life (Yew, March 2011).

As we know, chopping down the trees can bring some benefit for some purposes. However, the benefits from chopping down the trees will turn into a bad impact to the human life (Chakravarty et al, 2011). The existing for a tree is to provide oxygen and reducing the carbon dioxide, to maintain the natural system and also cooling the earth, to stretch the soil structure in order to avoid disaster happen such as landslides, to assist in the flow of water, to assist in filtering dirty water, to assist in providing protection and shelter to animals, and to provide foods for animals (Butler, July 2012). So, one tree down will give many disadvantages to human and harm the human life. In this situation, the main destruction that may danger the human life is the water crisis, for example a tree will reduce the probability to filter the dirty water into clean water and help to control the speed of the water flow either in the ground or on the ground surface.

When the development that involve with the factory, the situation will be a little different. A factory that being build in the country will bring hundred or even thousand jobs to the citizen. As general information, the factory that process chemical in liquid form will totally require the water to help the reaction to produce the result. Basically the factory will be build near to the river because it is easily to take up the water from the river to run the chemical reaction. When the reaction is produce the result, eventually it also produce the waste product that cannot be recycle or use to process for other product. So, the only method to throw away the waste product is by plant into the ground or into the river. Both methods is the most easy action to save cost and reduce distress by the company. However, the waste product that release into the river will cause the river to get polluted and kill the animals that live in the water (Mohd Saad et al, July 2006). Moreover, the polluted water can spread disease to the human when consume it and can cause fever to the human (Environmental Pollution Centers). That’s the reason why for the citizen not to purchase the water from the river and just depend on the tap water. So, building the factory will provide benefits like job, but in other way, it also bring destruction to the human if they did not have a systematic management.

From the general view, development country will give comfortable to the citizen to live. Water in the river became the main resources to continue their daily life. However, since development of factory, agriculture activities like oil palm, excretion of waste that is not planned, and destruction of environment cause the water quality to decrease, lead the citizen only hope to get the water from the tap (Aini, November 2009). So, government developed the tap for every house and this will reduce the difficulty of the citizen to obtain the water. Most of the water tap connection is built in the ground to prevent leakage. This situation make the government to feel save and no need to worry about the water shortages. However, the water supply to each home will be disrupted if not conduct an inspection of pipe for some time, for example pipe may be rust when the iron is contact with the water and cause the water to become colored. Other than that, this will also cause a leak in the ground when there is pressure from a flat surface and there is no inspection towards the pipe to detect whether it is leaking or not. This situation can cause danger to human when the water supply is not enough to support in their live.

There are various situations that can cause the water to be scarcity or crisis. Government did not regard this as an easy task to solve the crisis problem. So, government try to overcome this problem by increase the education level through all aspect. To solve the detection for the pipe leakage in the ground is through the Geographical Information System (GIS) specialist, and repair the pipe broken through the specialist engineer. However, to treat the water pollution will involve with some experts to improve the water. This situation will need technology or machine to recycle the polluted water into clean water. Government had tried to increase the level of education through engineering that can create the machine, but still until today there are no people who have the abilities to create the machine. So, the government has to think another way to increase the water resources in large quantity. One of the idea to maintain the water is through watershed, that can help to store the fresh water in large quantity and supply it to the citizen.

Chapter 2.6 TOWARDS WATER SUSTAINABILITY IN MALAYSIA

In this research, the concept of sustainability development is applies to keep and maintain the clean water for the use of future generation. This research is divide three main objective, which is to investigate the level of environmental awareness among Malacca citizen, to evaluate the participation of Malacca citizen toward environmental concern, and to analyse the efficacy of governmental rules and regulations in promoting environmental concern among Malacca citizen. The first objective is to investigate the level of environmental awareness among the Malacca citizen by exploring their attitude towards the water in Malacca river, the way citizen treat the water in the river, the way Malacca citizen love the river as a habitat to the animals that live in water, and the action of Malacca citizen to reduce harm or destruction towards the Malacca river. So, the first objective will help to understand more on the Malacca citizen behavior based on their knowledge and education level in saving the Malacca river from destruction (Anderson et al, January 2007) (Schleicher, 1989).

The second objective is to evaluate the participation of Malacca citizen towards environmental concern. Since the research for the first objective is more on the environmental awareness of the Malacca citizen, so the purpose for second objective is to value on how the Malacca citizen do to reduce the destruction to the Malacca river. In this research, participation through joining the activities like ‘Go Green Program’, ‘No Plastic Bag Program’, ‘Recycle Program’, ‘Cintailah Sungai Program’, ‘Planting Trees Program’, and etc. This program is undertaken by the Melaka Green Development Organization is having some programs to save the environment from being harm by the human activities itself, for example by the factorization. So, Malacca citizen will have their chance and opportunities to join the program and serve as a person to deliver a harmonious environment.

The final objective is to analyse the efficacy of governmental rules and regulations in promoting environmental concern among Malacca citizen. As we know, the demand on water is increase day by day as the human population is increase. So, there are some parties very selfish and irresponsible try to take all of the natural wealth and this will cause destruction especially to the water, example water pollution. This situation is need to barred before it bring an extreme destruction to the human life. To take the action, government will plays an important rule to stop the human activities. Law and regulations are one of the suitable way to control the human activities from being harm to the river (Hinde, November 2004). For example, Water Acts 1920 state that any individual or community trying to pollute the river will get penalty in the form of money or jail. With this method, the probability for the river to get polluted may be decrease. This also can help to create the ethical value for the irresponsible people from continue harm the environment.

Chapter 2.7 CONCLUSION

As a conclusion, the researcher had made some reading involve with the issues of water pollution form the industrial and excretion of waste. From there, without a proper planning, the waste will cause the river to get polluted. As we know, water is a very important element and natural resources that human need to control the usage, to maintain the quality, to save and love the natural which is create by God for the pleasures of human life. From the previous research, we can see that human activities cause the water to become scarcity. So, human need to realize their part as one of the user to the water and they need to responsible for the action that they had done.

Since there are increase in human population, so human will create technology to overcome the water crisis, for example, recycled water that can treated to remove solids and certain impurities, and used in a sustainable landscaping irrigation or to recharge groundwater aquifers. From the article ‘Application of Advance in Space Technology to Water Resources Management’, written by MIcheal G. Del Duca and John M. Fuscoe, state that they had an idea where the water pollution that come from every usage of human activities can be recycled into a clean water and the water can be provide for another usage. Since water pollution is create by the human itself, and human can change the polluted water into clean and fresh water for the human usage. By using the technology, the problem for the water-demand can be solving when the water can re-process back again into clean water and can be drink. So, human need to create more technology not only can help to reduce the water pollution, but also sustain the environment for all of the user including living and non-living being.

In the other hand, the people also need to realize that how important the water for the living being and they should practice the ethical value inside them to love the environment. With this method, the water can be sustain for the coming generation and they can use the water without having any worries. The article ‘Law and the Sources of Morality’ written by Robert A. Hinde, state that every human have their right to purchase thing for their own good. However, when there are excessive consumption on the environment, the law and regulation will be involve to awake the people that their action will bring destruction towards the environment. The law and regulation will help to create ethical and moral value inside them so that they will never abandon their responsible to love the nature.

‘Ethical Issues in Water Use and Sustainability’ written by Adrian Armstrong, saying that to sustain the water can only be done when there is a protection toward the water is through the ethical value that exist inside of the human itself. He believe that by develop the ‘water ethic’, which is a new concept to save the water by using love as one part of ethical value, the people will never treat bad but always love the water like their own ‘husband and wife’. So, the water that ‘swim’ across the river will always be everlasting as a clean, fresh and a quality water that can be use for the coming generation.

CHAPTER 3 THE BACKGROUND OF MALACCA RIVER

Chapter 3.1 INTRODUCTION

Malacca is one of the smallest stated in Malaysia. Malacca state is unique because the cultural practice is more on “Baba and Nyonya” and are very famous with the story of “sang kancil dengan pokok Melaka”, which become a legend to Malacca and the name for the state are rename according to the Malacca tree (figure 1). Since then, the Malacca citizen are practice the traditional life and the cultural has been practice until today. To avoid from being forgotten, Malacca city was upgraded as a central of tourism and has been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 7 July 2008 as “Melaka Bandaraya Warisan Dunia”. In the other hand, there are two important museums that keep the culture alive is the Baba Nyonya Heritage Museum and the Malacca Sultanate Palace Museum.

The cultural in Malacca began more than six centuries in which various ethnic customs and traditions blended. The peaceful life of Malacca citizen is due to the people that have express a variety of Malay, Chinese, Indian, Baba and Nyonya (figure 2), Portuguese, Chitty and Eurasia. The total population for the respectively by race is 523,800 of Malays, 210,100 of Chinese, 49,400 of Indians, 9,600 of other Bumiputera, 34,900 of Non-Malaysia, and 4,000 of others. Each ethnic group have different tastes of the people of Malacca, but they are very well known as a friendly people. Every race is practice on their own tradition and this is reflected in the food, religious, festivals, culture, design, jewelery and handicrafts. So, the culture will never be abandoned as long as the Malacca citizen is always practice and never leave the way their live everyday.

Chapter 3.2.1 THE ACTIVITIES OF DEVELOPMENT AND MUNICIPAL

The economic that brings the Malacca state into one of the success is through the tourism. The Malacca state has own slogan, which is “Visiting Malacca Means Visiting Malaysia”. In accordance with the slogan, the tourism industry is believed to become a major contributor to Economic Growth (GDP) and provide the job for the Malacca citizen. The tourism industry led to the development and progress of the Malacca state is through the business, foreign investment, foreign exchange, resorts and hotels, and the development of the handicraft industry. The growth of the Malacca state allowed the industrial to develop. Most of the industrial are build along the edges of the city which include Batu Berendam, Cheng, Ayer Keroh, and Tasik Utama. The industrials that are build at Malacca is Sweet Heart Food Industries, Lolla Industries, Ornapaper Industry, Haip Lee Manufacturing Industries, Engineering Holding Industries, and etc (figure 3). These industrials are one of the factor that provides employment for the Malacca citizen.

The state government of Malacca is administrated by the Legislative Assembly and Executive Committee. The State Assembly represents the highest authority in the state and the EXCO is responsible to the State Assembly, which comprises of 28 members that are selected from the singe-member constituencies throughout the state. It is headed by the Governer with the name of TYT Yang di-Pertua Negeri, who is appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia. The latest TYT Yang di-Pertua Negeri Melaka is Tun Datuk Seri Mohd Khalil bin Yaakob. He was appointed on June 4, 2004. The function and the role as a TYT Yang di-Pertua Negeri Melaka is Head of State, as a Judicial function, administration cost function, power of Forgiveness, and as the Resources and the Rule of Honor. Meanwhile, the Malacca state of Chief Minister at this time is YAB Datuk Wira Ir. Hj. Idris bin Hj. Haron. He was appointed at 7 May 2013. After the Chief Minister is the 28 members of the EXCO, which is responsible to the State Assembly, will have their own function to take care everything that associated with the Malacca development, for example to get criticize on the policies and the implementation of government programs, approve supply from the inside and outside of the country according to the law approved, checking account to ensure that public funds are spent in accordance with approved, a place to discuss on criticizing on the policies, to stand for the citizen right which related to the specific issues, and to take care of the constitutional sovereignty and constitutional rights of Malacca.

Chapter 3.2.2 SERVICE AND INFRASTRUCTURE FACILITIES

Malacca city become a focus place for locals and foreign tourists because of the tourism industry. So, the state government had to take some action to develop the city especially the public facilities so that it can be more easily to facilitate travel from one place to another. The services that provide by the government is the road transport, railway transport, and the sky transport. In the Malacca city have a bus station, which is Melaka Sentral (figure 4) that has inter and intra-city bus lines. In that station, the available services is bus and taxi. For the train station, it is only available in a small town call as Pulau Sebang, Tampin (figure 5). The train station will be rename as The Tampin Railway Station. Malacca International Airport is the only airport that situated at the Batu Berendam (figure 6).

This airport is built in 1952, with the area of 141 acres; which serve the services to the Northern Johor and West Malaysia, by using the Wing Air plane or Sky Aviation plane. Another interesting part is that the airport also used as the base of the Malaysian Flying Academy (MFA). For the tourism services, the state government created an idea, where the tourist will be available to use beca or boat for travel all around the Malacca city to see the interesting of the history city without need to walk. So, the tourist can enjoy the scenery and have fun when visit the Malacca state.

There is variety of business that opened at the Malacca state. A place call ‘Jonker Walk’ or ‘Jonker Street’ that situated at the main city have a lot of stall that selling food, jewelry shop, CD and DVD shop, antique shop, clothing store, Malacca clogs store and etc (figure 7). When at night, there is available for night market, where every stall will be open along the Jonker Walk and mostly are selling food and drink. There are a lot of tourist come out at night for shop because the situation is not so hot at night. So, along the Jonker street is very bright with the light of lamps, which pleasing tourists to shop at there. Not only food service that provide at Malacca state, but hotel service is also available for the tourists who come from far away or from abroad. Hotel Puri Melaka, Casa Del Rio Melaka, Renaissance Melaka Hotel, and etc. (figure 8), are some of the example that hotel can be book in Malacca. Resort like Ismah Beach Resort, Shah Beach Resort, Bayou Lagoon Park Resort, and etc., is also available for the tourists who come with a group member or with family. There are some shopping malls that build to help the Malacca citizen to purchase the daily needs easily, for example Tesco Melaka, Melaka Sentral, Giant Melaka, Maydin Bazaar Melaka, and etc.

Other than public facilities, the basic facilities are also build by the state government at the Malacca state. The basic facilities like health clinics, police stations, place of worship, and schools (figure 9). Not to forget, the utilities like water supply, electricity, garbage collector, communication, and internet can also be obtained at Malacca state because this facilities is very important and needed to carry out daily life. So, the facilities that build by the state government are very adequate for the Malacca citizen.

Chapter 3.3.1 LOCATION

The coordinate of Malacca is 2º12’N, 102º15’E, and is surrounded by sea and land. The Malacca state is situated between Negeri Sembilan at north and Johor at south. Meanwhile, the west of Malacca is surrounded by sea, which is known as Malacca Straits; and become the separation for the country of Malaysia and Indonesia. Since that, Malacca state is a strategic position to serve as a port or stopping point for the yacht that sail far away because the existing of the Malacca Straits. The Malacca state is a wide area and a flat surface can provide advantages for the development and it is very suitable for the citizen to concentrate in such area.

Chapter 3.3.2 CLIMATE

Daily temperature for the Malacca state is 30ºC to 35ºC at the day time and 27ºC to 29ºC is at night. According to the data 3.3.1, the higher average temperature is 31ºC, 32ºC and 33ºC and the lowest average temperature is 23ºC and 24ºC. So, at Malacca is very suitable for enjoy the sunlight during the day because it is always warm and for those who are less suitable with the sunlight, is remember to wear light clothing and putting on sunglasses with a cap to reduce the absorption the sunlight. Meanwhile, for the moisture climate, the average precipitation is 1,857.4 mm or 73.13 inches, and the average rainfall is 1,893.1 mm or 74.531 inches. The data 3.3.2 show that Malacca state will never having the drought season because there are a lot of raining for almost everyday. So, for the tourist that visit the Malacca state, must remember to bring umbrella because there will be raining for every evening after the hot weather in the afternoon.

Chapter 3.3.3 DRAINAGE SYSTEM

Drainage system is consists of two type, which is natural drainage system and man-made drainage system. Since Malacca state will have raining day for almost every day, the water that watering the Earth will become surface water. The surface water will flow from various direction until the water entering a curve. The water will continue to flow from a higher land to the lower land and more depth curve. This is how the river is created and the water will flow until it meet the sea (figure 10). There are some river that exist in Malacca state, which is Sungai Lereh, Sungai Ayer Salak, Sungai Udang, Sungai Cheng, Sungai Baharu, Sungai Batang Melaka, and Sungai Melaka, which is the main river for the state. The water that flow in the river become one of the natural resources for the citizen to use as a transport system, daily use water, and as a place to find food sources. The water also become as a source to carry out activity such as agriculture in the ancient times.

Another drainage system is man-made drainage system. In this situation, there is a department that responsible for carrying out the task, which is Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran (JPS). For the man-made drainage system, JPS will responsible to build the drains, ditches, artificial lakes, and etc. (figure 11). The main purposes that build the drains is to flow the water into the river from all direction when the raining. On the other hand, the building of the artificial lake is to store the water for some reason like to overcome the drought season, for the agricultural activities, to provide electricity through hydroelectricity, and etc., for example Durian Tunggal Dam. However, if there are having uncontrolled construction, eventually the man-made drainage system will bring flash flood to the citizen. This is because when raining, the surface water cannot be absorbed into the ground due to the concrete and this will cause the water to get trapped in the drains. This situation will led to the excessive of water to flow into the river and cause flooding.

Chapter 3.3.4 HYDROLOGY

Water resources become important to the Malacca citizen for almost some decade. Water become transport service and also provide daily resources to the user (for drinking, bathing, washing), for the agricultural activities, as a place to find food, and etc. So, without water, this will become a disaster to the Malacca citizen. So, Malacca citizen will appreciate and use it wisely. The advantages of water provide to the citizen to use it until today. Even though the water that flow in the river is not suitable for drinking; however, the state government upgrade the river to become more important to the user especially in the transport service (figure 12). Since Malacca state became a focal point for tourists to visit, so the idea to upgrade the river is a right action where the tourist can enjoy the scenery of Malacca state without feeling tired when they using the boat transport.

Chapter 3.3.5 LAND USE

Land is natural resources that cannot be renewable and are very important in improving the economic sector. So, to avoid the issues that regarding with the lacking of land use happen, the development planning for Malacca state by the history of Malacca city council or Majlis Bandaraya Melaka Bersejarah, is important through the structure plan to ensure the optimal use of the land in the future (figure 13). In the aspect of land use characteristic is include the topographic features and drainage, current land use patterns, committed development, value of the land, and to the ownership.

Chapter 3.3.6 ENVIRONMENTAL DEVELOPMENT

Malacca is a small state. The land use for the state development and the upgrading of the drainage system will never effect the others environment or natural resources like forest native. However, there are some serviced that may affect the natural resources, for example transportation may affect the air quality. To avoid this situation happen in the future, Malacca state government is transforming the state into Green Technology Malacca. Inside the Green Technology Malacca is consists of Program Biodiesel Melaka, Melaka Bebas Asap Rokok, and Akademik Teknologi Hijau. The Program Biodiesel Melaka is connected with the transport service, where the state government will reduce the sulfur level inside of the diesel and petrol that can reduce the “particulate matter” and releasing of “smog-forming”. Meanwhile, the Akademik Teknologi Hijau have a responsibility to design the city into green city with sustainable the environment, take care on the environmental health through reducing the use of toxic for agricultural and practices the organic food, and reducing the waste that create from human activities. So, the Green Technology Malacca can store the quantity of the environment for the coming generation.

Chapter 3.4 THE PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTIC OF MALACCA RIVER

According to the ancient history, Malacca state is inhabited by indigenous Malay people. In the history, the people from the outside are migrate into the country because of the war factor. Due to the clean river and fertile flatland, the migrant people come into this country and start to build the settlement at the area (Dobby, Dec 1939) (figure 14). With the advantages of high temperature and heavy rain, this climate led the people to build an easy drainage, which helping in the agriculture activities. There are two type of agriculture activities, which is farming of rubber and farming of rice and minor crops (figure 15). They make full use of the river that provide water resources for the agriculture activity. Other than that, the river also provide water for drinking, bath, wash shirt, etc., where it is use in their daily life.

Initially, the Malacca river is still shallow. However, Malaysia is having the equatorial climate. So, Malacca state will experience the hot and the wet season. With the reason, when raining is watering the earth, the water become surface water and flow into the river. This situation caused the water to accumulate in the river and flow from upper to lower land. When the water is accumulate in large quantity and flow from a high land, this will cause the water to flow in very fast speed. The river flow will bring together with the sediment until they reach the lower land and lack of speed, the sediment will be release from being transported to another place. This process caused the river to get deeper and this situation led to the people to create a new transport to communicate each other along the river, which is boat transport (figure 16). So, this is not only make the people to meet their family or friends easily, but also become one of the job income for the boat driver that provide this transport service.

Time passes very fast. The development of state is rapidly. The main purpose to develop the state is to solve and reduce some problem exist in the human life, for example concrete road. So, the state government also built the drains to allow the surface water to flow into the drains without affect the structure of the soil through erosion process when the heavy rain occur. Since that, the river also been upgraded into concrete river so that it can receive large quantity of water from the drains or other direction of surface water. Therefore, the development of river can save Malacca citizen from worry about the erosion that can cause destruction to their house. However, the action of changing the natural characteristic of the river can cause disaster to the Malacca citizen, for example flash flood (figure 17). The main reason for flash flood to happen is when the heavy rain, the surface water that exist on the concrete road or drains is difficult to absorb into the ground and it’s accumulate into a very large quantity until the river cannot withhold water capacity; and eventually will cause flash flood. So, the state government needed to think and design another new idea to solve the flash flood problem.

The investment from foreign can help to develop the country. Mostly the foreign investment will involve with the factory, where they will build the factory at Malacca to produce the product that can be market around the world. Referring to the Malacca state, majority of the factory is build near to the river because they easily to take up the water or throw the waste product into the river. This action will cause the water to get pollution (figure 18). When pollution happened, this will bring a lot of destruction to the environment, for example pollute water can kill the animal that live in the water or kill the trees that absorb the water. So, when the pollution is exist in the river, and if the flash flood is happen, the damage to the human life will be high impact because the polluted water not only can kill the plant, trees, soil, and smelly, but also bring disease to the people. So, state government must need to stop the pollution to prevent more destruction happen. There are two ways to stop the pollution to happen, which is by using regulation or law to stop the people who try to harm the river and undergo various of environmental activities to the citizen to aware on the important of the environment.

Chapter 3.5 CONCLUSION

As a conclusion, Malacca state is situated near to the sea and the city is surrounded by Malacca river. Even Malacca river may not giving any advantages for the citizen nowadays, however, the water is still be a natural resources that need to protect from being harm or destruct. This is because the destruction of the water will bring a bad impact especially to the Earth system. Water can act as cooling to the Earth, as a habitat to the animals, as a mineral to the soil, and as the main source for human to continue their life. So, morality, ethical value, and responsibility will be taking place to awake for every human to prevent them from destruct and harm the river, especially towards the water.

CHAPTER 4 CASE STUDY: WATER SUSTAINABILITY IN MALACCA RIVER

Chapter 4.1 INTRODUCTION

Research methodology can be divided into certain stages in the production of this thesis, which is methodological framework. The stages can be show in the chart as below:

Chapter 4.2 DATA COLLECTION METHOD

The method that will be used for this research can be divided into two types, which is primary data and secondary data. The primary data will be involved the questionnaire method, sampling method, interview method, and observation method to collect the data. Meanwhile, the secondary data will involve the library study, information from the internet, and data and information form the government department or private department.

Chapter 4.2.1 PRIMARY DATA

The primary data is the data that can be obtained from native source or the first data. Primary data consists of the questionnaire method, sampling method, interview method, and observation method at the research area.

Chapter 4.2.1.1 QUESTIONNAIRE METHOD

The questionnaire method is a tool for collecting data by the researcher. To get the information, survey method will be involved, which is using the questionnaire form that distribute to the respondents who staying at Malacca. Mostly the questionnaire will be divided into two types, which is ‘close-ended’ and ‘open-ended’ questionnaire. For the ‘close-ended’ questionnaire, the respondents will need to answer the questionnaire without asking their opinion because the question will be asked directly and they just have to mark the answer that provided in the questionnaire.

The question is divided into four parts, which is part A, part B, part C, part D, and part E. Part A will be asking about the personal biodata, part B will be asking about the perception of Malacca citizen towards the ecology of Malacca river, part C will be asking about the perception of Malacca citizen towards the pollution in Malacca river, part D will be asking about the involvement of the Malacca citizen in reducing the pollution of the rivers, and part E will be asking about the effectiveness of regulation from government in protecting the environment.

Meanwhile, the ‘open-ended’ questionnaire, respondents need to answer the question by referring their opinion and viewpoint about the title research of water sustainability development in Malacca river. The question will only be ask in the last part as their opinion will be used as an answer to reduce the river pollution. The survey form will be distribute to 200 respondents at the research area, which is Malacca state.

Chapter 4.2.1.2 SAMPLING METHOD

The sampling method is the continuous method after the questionnaire method is prepared. In this research, about 200 respondents will be used as sample to get the information. By setting the number of respondents, this method is faster to collect data, as well as the distance and area of the study in the area. This method to set the respondent is the citizen that live near to the Malacca river, the citizen that live near the factory, the citizen that live near the city, and the citizen that live in the Malacca state. The questionnaire will be distributed to 200 respondents or citizen that involved about 200 houses in the Malacca state.

Chapter 4.2.1.3 INTERVIEW METHOD

In addition to distributing the questionnaires, interview techniques can also be used as an approach in collecting data and related information. By using this method, the information is not stated in any printed materials (information directly and spontaneously) which can be obtained directly from the respondents. Asking the question to the people who are living in the upper reaches of the river, lower reaches of the river, and along the river as the different answers and opinions of respondents towards the river pollution. In addition, the language of communication is also important because Malacca state is inhabited by various nations. So, asking question directly is very important in gathering information through interview.

Chapter 4.2.1.4 OBSERVATION METHOD

Observation method is one of the method that used in this research, which observed the cause of pollution towards the river. In this situation, there are three different places that been observed, which is the upper reaches of the river, the lower reaches of the river , and along the river. The observation data can be collected according to two types, which is physical characteristic and human characteristic. The physical characteristic is involve with the physical of the citizen house, the distance of the citizen house towards the river, the daily activities of the citizen, etc. Meanwhile, the human characteristic is involve with the cultural of the citizen, the attitude of the citizen toward the river, etc. So, the observation data that had been collected will become an information or to set in the questionnaire for this research. The picture will be taken as an evidence of this study.

Chapter 4.2.2 SECONDARY DATA

Secondary data is the data that obtained through documents and materials from the scholarly nature of reliable sources. Secondary data collection method is very easy and fast because the data is already available, such as library study, information from the internet and the availability of data and information from the department.

Chapter 4.2.2.1 LIBRARY STUDY

This method is carried out with the reference of thesis research that has been done by previous researchers in order to understand more and form a general picture of the situation. This method had helped the researcher to carry out the research in a systematic study, clear, well-organized, and able to avoid from doing mistake. The extra reading also can be done with reference to the article in books and newspapers are available in the library. Most of these references are available in the main library of University Malaya and Perpustakaan Peringatan ZABA University Malaya.

Chapter 4.2.2.2 INFORMATION FROM THE INTERNET

Internet is the most convenient and fast in getting the data and information. So this method can be applied to obtain a variety of data and information related to the study. the information from the internet that can be used is website of Malacca State Government Official (laman web Portal Rasmi Kerajaan Negeri Melaka), the Historical Malacca City Council (Portal Rasmi Majlis Bandaraya Melaka Bersejarah), official website of The Green Technology Malaysia Malacca (Laman Sesawang Rasmi Majlis Teknologi Hijau Malaysia Melaka), official website of Department of Irrigation and Drainage Malacca (website Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran Negeri Melaka), and others website that can be use to carry out the research.

Chapter 4.2.2.3 DATA AND INFORMATION FROM DEPARTMENT

In the process of collecting data and information, this research is obtained the information from the relevant department like Department of Irrigation and Drainage Malacca (Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran Negeri Melaka), Department of Green Technology Malacca (Jabatan Teknologi Hijau Malaysia Melaka), Department of Agriculture Malacca (Jabatan Pertanian Negeri Melaka), Department of Housing Malacca (Jabatan Perumahan Negeri Melaka), Department of Town and Village Planning Malacca (Jabatan Perancangan Bandar dan Desa Melaka), and other website that can use for this research.

Chapter 4.3 ANALYZE DATA METHOD

Methods of data analysis can be carried out after completion of the survey done. In the analysis of process data, the SPSS (Statistical Package For Social Sciences) version 16 computer tool will be used to facilitate in getting more detailed findings the result with clarify through tables. In using SPSS software, the researcher will use to analyze the data that had been collected through the survey of questionnaire. The researcher will analyze the data to produce new information that can be used to provide result finding. As a general information, the analysis of the data will descriptive analysis, which involve with the Likert scale that have 5-index value of strongly disagree, disagree, normal, agree, and strongly agree. The value for each index will be 0% to 20% for strongly disagree, 21% to 40% for disagree, 41% to 60% for normal, 61% to 80% for agree, and 81% to 100% for strongly agree.

Chapter 4.4 CONCLUSION

Through the use of various methods such as mention at above, hopefully the study will achieve the goals and main objectives of the study, which is water sustainability development in Malacca river. The use of all method will facilitate the decomposition into more easy ways to understand the important of environment, where this research can help to maintain the quality and also quantity of the water in the river for today and also the coming generation.

CHAPTER 5 ANALYSIS OF WATER SUSTAINABILITY IN MALACCA RIVER

Chapter 5.1 INTRODUCTION

In this chapter, is the important part in this research because the general information that received from the questionnaire will be analysis in chapter five. In the same time, the analysis will provide the result to determine whether the research is achieve the objective. This chapter five will be divided into some parts, which is part A, part B, part C, part D, and part E. Part A will be analyze the personal biodata of respondents, part B is analyze the perception of Malacca citizen towards the Malacca river ecology, part C is analyze the perception of Malacca citizen towards the water pollution in Malacca river, part D is analyze the involvement of Malacca citizen in reducing the pollution of Malacca river, and part E is analyze the effectiveness of government legislation and regulation towards the environment. The last part will be analyzes the questionnaire to provide the result that can determine to accept the objective.

Chapter 5.2 THE ANALYZE OF RESPONDENT BIODATA

In part A will be analyze the respondents biodata that receive through the questionnaire. In this part, the questionnaire will be provide the information about the sex, age, status, numbers of years live in Malacca, religious, education level and the employment. The result from the general information will be decided for another part that will be discussed in this chapter.

Question 1

Gender	Frequency	Percentage (%)
Man Woman	200 200	50 50
Total	400	100

According to the above analysis result table, the total respondents that involve are man and woman, where man is more than woman about 8 peoples. The respondents for man are 200 peoples or 50% and woman are 200 peoples or 50%. The total respondents for man and woman are 400. In other words, both category for man and woman are equal in quantity. Most of the male respondents that successfully to participate in answering the questionnaire are worker that work in government sectors, private sectors, and carry out business; and only some respondents that working in farming and livestock. Meanwhile, most of the woman respondents willing to give information by answering the questionnaire are full time housewives which are easily to take care of their children and only certain are working in the government sectors, private sectors, and others.

Question 2

Age	Frequency	Percentage (%)
Below than 20 21 – 30 31 – 40 41 – 50 51 and above	1 78 183 130 8	0.25 19.5 45.75 32.5 2
Total	400	100

According to the table, category for ages in this research can be divided into below 20, 21 to 30, 31 to 40, 41 to 50, and 51 and above. From the analysis above show 31 to 40 age are the highest respondents that involve, which is 183 peoples or 45.75%. Meanwhile, the lowest quantity is below than 20 age, which is only 1 respondent or 0.25%. The other ages for respondents that involve are 41 to 50 with 130 peoples or 32.5%, 21 to 30 with 78 peoples or 19.5%, and 51 above with 8 peoples or 2%. The total respondents involve in this research study is 400.

The highest respondents are 31 to 40 ages. In other words, majority respondent that involve are working peoples, where the work place are near to Malacca river. For example, respondent that carried out business like restaurants will be situated near to Malacca river to provide foods and drinks for tourists. On the other hands, government and private sectors are also building nearer to the Malacca river. The fewer respondents like ages in below than 20, 51 and above, and 21 to 30 are mostly university and college students, retirees, housewives, and others, which is supportive to this research by giving information through answering the questionnaire.

Question 3

Status	Frequency	Percentage (%)
Single Married	125 275	31.25 68.75
Total	400	100

According to the table above show the status of the 400 respondents that involve are successfully filling the questionnaire without leaving the blanked. The status category that been ask in the questionnaire is single, married, divorced, widow and widower, and others. However, only the majority that implicate to the respondents is the married status, which cover 275 peoples (68.75%); and continue by the single with 125 peoples (31.25%). Among of this status, the highest respondents will be married status and the lowest is single.

The status in this research are seems to be less important to become a factor to impact others views and opinion. However, there are significance exist in demographic profile. For example, highest value in status is married (275 peoples) and link with the ages of 31 to 40 (183 peoples). In other words, most of the respondents are married will have responsibility toward family. So, they will look for job opportunities and working to support the family. At the same time, married status of respondents are likely to situated at particular places especially when they are permanent staff and will not planning to move to other places. Only for the single status, most of the respondent will be students and temporarily or new staff at the work place.

Question 4

Number of Years live in Malacca (years)	Frequency	Percentage (%)
1 to 10 11 to 20 21 to 30 31 to 40 41 to 50 51 and above	40 70 130 119 40 1	10 17.5 32.5 29.75 10 0.25
Total	400	100

The table showed the number of years for a respondent to live in the Malacca state. The value measurement for number of years that live in Malacca between one period to another period is 10 years. From the view of the table, it is showing that from 1 to 10 years, the respondents that involve is 40 peoples (10%), continue by 11 to 20 years is 70 peoples (17.5%), 21 to 30 years is 130 peoples (32.5%), 31 to 40 years is 119 peoples (29.75%), 41 to 50 years is 40 peoples (10%), and 51 years and above is 1 people (0.25%). The total respondents in frequency is 400 peoples.

The information provided from the questionnaire survey show that the more longer for a respondent to stay at the Malacca, the more accurate and precise of information that respondents can provide for the success in this research. This is because the respondents will experience the way of their life not only in their social life, but also involve with the environment especially water that become a factor and important sources in their daily life. As example, respondents working in business will have huge and more experience toward water resource in river especially the water quality changing. At the same time, they will also expose to the changing in land used over the time for any development that happen nearer to Malacca river. Therefore, the longer they stay, the more accurate information provided by the respondents.

Question 5

Religious	Frequency	Percentage (%)
Islam Buddhist Hindus Christian	132 117 55 96	33 29.25 13.75 24
Total	400	100

The information from the table above show the main religious that will be consider another factor that needed to analyze in this research. The highest religious that involve in this research is Islam with the total of 132 peoples or 33%, continue by the Buddhist with 117 peoples or 29.25%, Hindus for 55 peoples or 13.75%, and Christian for 96 peoples or 24%.

The result from the questionnaire proved that majority of the Malays and minority of Chinese and Indians with different religious that live together in a very peaceful in the society. They are very respect and helpful to each other when there are others community are facing the problem. On the other hand, they also love to attend an open house when during any celebration of festival. Moreover, they also respect the religion that practiced by their neighbor, especially when they are carry for any prayer. With this situation, Malays, Chinese, and Indians can live together without facing any difficulties in religious, which has been practiced for generations. Even the category of religious can be consider as minor factor to impact in this research, but the information provided in respondents’ demographic profile will determine the situation and condition of water in Malacca river through religious value, moral and ethical value, and education value.

Question 6

Education Level	Frequency	Percentage (%)
Primary School Secondary School College University	52 166 108 74	13 41.5 27 18.5
Total	400	100

From the table above show the education level for 400 respondents that pick up randomly to answer the questionnaire. The information above stated that the highest of the respondents in education level is secondary schools, which are 166 peoples or 41.5%. The second rating for the education level of the respondents involve is college with the total of 108 peoples or 27%. The next rating will be university with the number of 74 peoples or 18.5%, and the lowest rating for respondents in education level is primary school, which is 52 peoples or 13%.

The respondents with the higher qualification are much help in answering the questionnaire. This is because when the questionnaire is distributed, the respondents will be more understand on the question that asking and they will know how to answer. However, there are some respondents need to translate and explain what are the question is asking about. This situation will need some period of time to explain and cause the extensive in time taking information especially to achieve the target. At the same time, education level will have link with the number of year living in Malacca because respondents that has lower education level but staying for a long period in Malacca, then the answer provided still have higher percentage of accurate information for this research study.

Question 7

Occupation	Frequency	Percentage (%)
Government Private Self-Employment Retirees Student	30 86 131 78 75	7.5 21.5 32.75 19.5 18.75
Total	400	100

According to the table above, the occupation for Malacca citizen will involve with the government sector, private sector, self-employed, retirees, and student. The respondents that work in government sector is 30 peoples or 7.5%, continue by private sector with 86 peoples or 21.5%, self-employed is 131 peoples or 32.75%, retires is 78 peoples or 19.5%, and student is 75 peoples or 18.75%.

The different in working sector will give a different perspective in providing the information. As we know, Malacca is a tourist center that attract tourist in the country and outside the country to come to Malacca for a holiday trip. So, the table show that self-employed is the higher rating in employed category because most of the respondents are working by running their own business, for example providing the service or selling the product like hotels, jewelry shops, food and drink stall, and so on. Since Malacca River is one of the main attractions to the nature, definitely these services will be located nearer to the river. So, exposure into the changes of water quality in river can cause respondents to experience the impact of positive and negative side like pollution.

Chapter 5.3 THE ANALYZE PERCEPTION OF MALACCA CITIZEN TOWARD MALACCA RIVER ECOLOGY

In part B will analyze the perception of Malacca citizen towards the Malacca river ecology. In this part, the question that will be ask and used in the survey is about the water, water pollution, acid rain, ecosystem, etc.; which means the polluted water will affect to the other elements like animals, plants, soil, air, groundwater, etc. So, the perception of Malacca citizen will play an important role in answering the questionnaire because their understanding and knowledge, can provide the information about how important the water resource to all living and non-living things.

Question 1

Category	SD	D	N	A	SA
Category	F (%)	F (%)	F (%)	F (%)	F (%)
Water is habitat of aquatic.	-	2 (0.5)	44 (11)	174 (43.5)	180 (45)
Total	400 (100)

* SD = Strongly Disagree, D = Disagree, N = Normal, A = Agree, SA = Strongly Agree, F = Frequency, % = Percentage.

According to the table above show the category of water is habitat of aquatic animals; or by means the animals that live in the water. The information show that the highest value is 45% or 180 respondents choose for strongly agree for water is the habitat of aquatic animals, continue by agree with 43.5% or 174 peoples, 11% or 44 people for normal, and 0.5% or 2 peoples for disagree.

Basically, respondents are strongly agreed that habitat is a place for aquatic animals to live and continue surviving. Aquatic animals can be including fish, prawn, crap, and others, which compulsory to live in clean water that consists of oxygen, food, and protection to the animals in water. As a proved, when river pollution is happen, various aquatic animals are floating on the water surface due to poisoning and cause death. Therefore, respondents are positively agree with water is habitat to the aquatic animals.

Question 2

Category	SD	D	N	A	SA
Category	F (%)	F (%)	F (%)	F (%)	F (%)
Polluted water in the river will affect the ecosystem.	-	2 (0.5)	59 (14.8)	148 (37)	191 (47.8)
Total	400 (100)

* SD = Strongly Disagree, D = Disagree, N = Normal, A = Agree, SA = Strongly Agree, F = Frequency, % = Percentage.

Referring to the table above stated that the polluted water in the river will affect the ecosystem. About 191 respondents that are strongly agree the polluted water in the river will affect the ecosystem, continue by 148 respondents that agree, 59 respondents stay to be normal and only 2 respondents choose for disagree on the situation. From the percentage view, we can see that the highest percentage will be strongly agree with 47.8%, the next will be agree with 37% and normal with 14.8%, and the last is disagree with 0.5%. The total percentage is 100%, which is also the total of 400 respondents.

As discuss above in category for water habitat to aquatic animals, respondents are positively opinion that polluted water in river can leading to the death of aquatic animals. For examples, chemical wastes that release from human activities into river will cause mixture of foreign material with water, and causing some reaction to occur. This situation will result the water pollution through the loss of oxygen in the original of water material, H₂O; and cause aquatic animals in lacking of oxygen to survive. So, this will cause death to aquatic animals and affect the ecosystem.

Question 3

Category	SD	D	N	A	SA
Category	F (%)	F (%)	F (%)	F (%)	F (%)
Evaporation of polluted water from river will cause air pollution (bad odor).	-	6 (1.5)	50 (12.5)	131 (32.8)	213 (53.3)
Total	400 (100)

* SD = Strongly Disagree, D = Disagree, N = Normal, A = Agree, SA = Strongly Agree, F = Frequency, % = Percentage.

The table above show the evaporation of polluted water form river will cause air pollution, for example bad odor. In this table, the highest rating is strongly agree with 213 respondents or 53.3%, continue by agree with 131 respondents or 32.8%, normal is 50 respondents or 12.5%, and the lowest rating is disagree with 6 respondent or 1.5%.

From the respondents view, they know the polluted water in river is not clean, dirty and undrinkable. However, they did not know about the term of evaporation process that involve with the physical and chemical reaction. Nevertheless, they do realize about the smelly or bad odor that release from the river when hot season. The main reason for respondents to choose for agree that the Malacca river is producing bad odor because the water pollution in the river is exist along the river that near to the city. At the same time, there are also some respondents choose to not agree or normal in giving their opinion is because most of them are stay in rural area, where it’s far from the city and the smelly taste are more lesser. Not to forget, the environment like trees and vegetation surrounding the respondent’s settlement in rural area leading to have more fresh air than in urban area.

Question 4

Category	SD	D	N	A	SA
Category	F (%)	F (%)	F (%)	F (%)	F (%)
Surface water runoff from acid rain will cause river water contaminated.	1 (0.3)	13 (3.3)	98 (24.5)	196 (49)	92 (23)
Total	400 (100)

* SD = Strongly Disagree, D = Disagree, N = Normal, A = Agree, SA = Strongly Agree, F = Frequency, % = Percentage.

Referring to the table above show the surface water runoff from acid rain will cause water contaminated. The information provide the agree rating is the highest with the value of 49% or 196 peoples, and the lowest rating is strongly disagree with the value of 0.3% or 1 people that involve. Meanwhile, the others that involve is the strongly agree with 92 peoples or 23%, normal with 98 peoples or 24.5%, and disagree with 13 peoples or 3.3%. The total respondents that involve is 400 peoples with the percent is 100%.

The main reason for opinion of disagree and strongly disagree on the surface water runoff from acid rain will cause water contaminated because most respondents is not very well known on how the process of acid rain may cause the water in the river to get polluted. However, majority of the respondents realize that the surface water runoff is creating when raining day is happening. So, if the raining is acid rain, this may cause the surface water to be contaminated. Afterwards, when the surface water flow into river and mix up with the water, this will cause the river to get polluted. So, they believe this situation have possibility to cause the water in the river to decrease in quality and pollute the river.

Question 5

Category	SD	D	N	A	SA
Category	F (%)	F (%)	F (%)	F (%)	F (%)
Acidic surface water will cause contaminated groundwater.	-	8 (2)	87 (21.8)	191 (47.8)	114 (28.5)
Total	400 (100)

* SD = Strongly Disagree, D = Disagree, N = Normal, A = Agree, SA = Strongly Agree, F = Frequency, % = Percentage.

According to the table above show the acidic surface water will cause contaminated to groundwater. The information stated that the value for agree is 191 peoples, which is the highest rating in this question, and the next is strongly agree with 114 peoples or 28.5%, normal is 87 peoples or 21.8%, and the lowest rating will be disagree with 8 people or 02%.

Majority of respondents realize the surface water that cause from acid rain can affect to the water in river when it is mix up and cause poisoning. Moreover, they are also agree that before the water surface is entering the river, some of the water will be absorbed into the soil and become groundwater. As we know, water runoff is from higher land to lower land. So, this situation will cause the water to be easily to absorbed into the ground to become groundwater due to the high gravity pull. This will result the groundwater to be polluted by the acid rain. On the other hand, the respondents also agree that when the water runoff is from a high land to lower land, this also can poisoning the plants due to the polluted water that bring by the acid rain.

Question 6

Category	SD	D	N	A	SA
Category	F (%)	F (%)	F (%)	F (%)	F (%)
River water pollution weakens the soil structure and cause erosion and sedimentation of river basins to occur.	1 (0.3)	7 (1.8)	102 (25.5)	179 (44.8)	111 (27.8)
Total	400 (100)

* SD = Strongly Disagree, D = Disagree, N = Normal, A = Agree, SA = Strongly Agree, F = Frequency, % = Percentage.

The table above show the category of river water pollution weakens the soil structure and cause erosion and sedimentation of river basins to occur. The result for lowest rating is strongly disagree with 1 people involve or 0.3%, and continue by the smaller quantity is disagree with 7 peoples involve or 1.8%. Meanwhile, the normal rating will be 102 peoples or 25.5% and strongly agree is 111 peoples or 27.8%. The highest rating is agree, where it’s involve with 179 peoples or 44.8%.

From the view point of respondents, they realize about the water surface runoff is from a high to a low altitude. With the knowledge, they believe that the water flow will be fast; and plus with the high pull of gravity, the speed will be increase. So, the water runoff will have the energy to pull up the soil and bring it together to the lower land. This situation will cause the sedimentation to occur at the river especially middle stream and downstream. Additional, sedimentation at downstream can cause the river depth to be decrease. This situation can cause flash flood when heavy rain occurs at urban area due to the soil that block the water in river. For some reason, they also believe that water pollution can ‘destruct and damage’ the trees, which in turn will weaken the soil structure and cause sedimentation to happen.

Chapter 5.4 ANALYZE PERCEPTION OF MALACCA CITIZEN TOWARD POLLUTION IN MALACCA RIVER

In part C will be analyze the perception of Malacca citizen toward pollution in Malacca river. The questionnaire will be ask about the pollution that exist in the Malacca river, for example the water quality that flow in the river, the factor that cause the river to get polluted, and the impact of the water pollution to the ecosystem. In this part, respondents opinion with become the important view and the main factor for the society, where the information will be used to predict, plan, control and reduce the impact that may cause destruction in the human life.

Question 1

Category	SD	D	N	A	SA
Category	F (%)	F (%)	F (%)	F (%)	F (%)
Malacca river is dirty.	-	6 (1.5)	47 (11.8)	158 (39.5)	189 (47.3)
Total	400 (100)

* SD = Strongly Disagree, D = Disagree, N = Normal, A = Agree, SA = Strongly Agree, F = Frequency, % = Percentage.

From the table above, the information show Malacca river is dirty and cannot be used as daily source. For this category, there are only 6 respondents that disagree for the Malacca river is dirty, continue by the normal with 47 respondents, agree for 158 respondents and strongly agree is 189 respondents, which is become the majority respondents that choose for this answer.

The result show that majority respondents is very sure that Malacca river is not clean and cannot be used as the main water resources for drinking, bath, washing cloth, etc. However, there are still some respondents with disagree statement for the Malacca river is dirty. The main reason for the result to have certain respondents sticks to the opinion because most of them are staying at rural area and less exposure with the water quality changes. Even the water quality in color category is changing (would be probably light chocolate color), this situation may happen due to the agricultural activities. Therefore, respondents will have the opinion on Malacca river is still clean and could be used for daily activities.

Question 2

Category	SD	D	N	A	SA
Category	F (%)	F (%)	F (%)	F (%)	F (%)
Industrial waste will cause the water in the river to become black, smelly, and contaminated.	-	7 (1.8)	54 (13.5)	156 (39)	183 (45.8)
Total	400 (100)

* SD = Strongly Disagree, D = Disagree, N = Normal, A = Agree, SA = Strongly Agree, F = Frequency, % = Percentage.

According to the table above show the industrial waste and excretion waste will cause the water in the river to become black color, smelly, and contaminated. Majority respondents choose for strongly agree, which is 183 peoples or 45.8%, continue by agree with 156 peoples or 39%, normal is 54 peoples or 13.5%, and only minority choose for disagree with 7 peoples or 1.8%. The total survey questionnaire successfully collected is 400.

Basically, respondents agree with water pollution in the Malacca river is black color and will produce bad odor or bad smell when in the hot season. Respondents work in private sectors especially in factory, will understand the procedures of treating chemical waste product. However, after every chemical waste product is undergoes for treatment, then it will be release into drains and flow into river. Even the waste product are already being treat and allow to release into river, but the material are still have probability to cause polluted to the river by changing the water color into black and release bad odor taste. Therefore, the percentage for agree from respondents are still high and they hope the problems of chemical waste product from factories can be solve by applying other suitable methods. So, prevention actions are needed to reduce the possibilities of environmental destruction especially involve with water resources in the coming future.

Question 3

Category	SD	D	N	A	SA
Category	F (%)	F (%)	F (%)	F (%)	F (%)
Polluted water river can cause disease, cause aquatic animals to death and become habitat to dirty animals.	-	1 (0.3)	51 (12.8)	162 (40.5)	186 (46.5)
Total	400 (100)

* SD = Strongly Disagree, D = Disagree, N = Normal, A = Agree, SA = Strongly Agree, F = Frequency, % = Percentage.

Referring to the table above state the polluted water river can cause disease, cause aquatic animals to death and become habitat to dirty animals. The information show the higher rating is strongly agree with 186 respondents or 46.5%, continue by agree with 162 respondents or 40.5%, normal with 51 respondents or 12.8%, and the lowest rating is disagree with 1 respondent or 0.3%.

According to this question, the most negatively impact is toward the fisherman because they need to catch fish everyday. When there is water pollution in river, these cause aquatic animals to get poisoning and die. The situation will impact fisherman in daily income that totally depend on the fish quantity successfully caught. At the same time, the poisoning water and fish bring disease like diarrhea, stomach pain, skin disease, and so on, when the people have it. Therefore, it is dangerous towards human, but brings benefits to dirty animals (example lizard) such as habitat and food source. So, water in Malacca river should not be polluted due to human activities.

Question 4

Category	SD	D	N	A	SA
Category	F (%)	F (%)	F (%)	F (%)	F (%)
Water pollution can cause the loss of soil nutrients and will affect the plants species.	-	32 (8%)	139 (34.8)	164 (41)	65 (16.3)
Total	400 (100)

* SD = Strongly Disagree, D = Disagree, N = Normal, A = Agree, SA = Strongly Agree, F = Frequency, % = Percentage.

The table above show the water pollution can cause the loss of soil nutrients and will affect the plants species. Respondents choose for the answer in strongly agree is 65 peoples (16.3%), agree is 164 peoples (41%), normal is 139 peoples (34.8%), and disagree is 32 peoples (8%). The total percentage is 100% with the sum 41%, 34.8%, 16.3%, and 8%.

The main reason for respondents to choose the answer of agree and strongly agree is because they think that water pollution can affect the plant by reducing the quality of the water characteristic, especially in the bonding between atom. The waste chemical produce by factories and release into the river can cause mixture with the water in Malacca river. The foreign material will have the ability to break down the bonding of H-O-H when mix up with pure water, which may perform another new material of characteristic and bring dangerous to the trees together with the soil. As previously discuss, water pollution can cause sedimentation, plus with the gradient is increase. When water pollution affects soils nutrient, this will harm, dangerous, and destruct the trees growth. At the same time, this condition will increase the sedimentation and often cause flash flood to occur.

Question 5

Category	SD	D	N	A	SA
Category	F (%)	F (%)	F (%)	F (%)	F (%)
Contaminated water can cause aquatic species to become extinct.	-	3 (0.8)	66 (16.5)	171 (42.8)	160 (40)
Total	400 (100)

* SD = Strongly Disagree, D = Disagree, N = Normal, A = Agree, SA = Strongly Agree, F = Frequency, % = Percentage.

The table show the contaminated water can cause aquatic species to become extinct. From the information above, majority respondents choose for agree with peoples 171 (42.8%), continue by strongly agree with 160 peoples (40%), normal is 66 peoples (16.5%), and minority respondents choose for disagree with 3 peoples (0.8%). Total successful in answering the questionnaire is 400 respondents.

Respondents with own opinion in giving the answer indicate that they are actually concern on the environment and aware on the changing of water quality from clean to polluted. The mixture of foreign product with river water will provide other poisoning material, which will kill the aquatic species and reduce soil nutrient quality. When river pollution is ‘wider’, the probability to contaminate all over of Malacca river is high and this may cause death to aquatic animals. The result will slowly cause extinction to aquatic species and bring ‘harm with dangerous’ to human in life quality.

Chapter 5.5 THE ANALYZE OF MALACCA CITIZEN INVOLVE TO REDUCE POLLUTION IN MALACCA RIVER

In part D will be analyze the Malacca citizen involve to reduce pollution in Malacca river. From the previous part, which is part B and part C, is to test the respondent knowledge and awareness on the environment. Since then, the answer provide from the previous part will be more precise result in this part, where the respondents is actually concern on the environment. So, the only way to save the environment is to join some activities from the state government or Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) to promote in reducing and stop the destruction activities such as factories that may continue harm to the environment. This part will be asking on some program that may give affective in prevention harm to environment, and also some ethical question to help in saving the environment.

Question 1

Category	SD	D	N	A	SA
Category	F (%)	F (%)	F (%)	F (%)	F (%)
Green Technology Program Malaysia Malacca can reduce the negative impact of human activity and preserve the environment.	-	1 (0.25)	28 (7)	214 (53.5)	157 (39.25)
Total	400 (100)

* SD = Strongly Disagree, D = Disagree, N = Normal, A = Agree, SA = Strongly Agree, F = Frequency, % = Percentage.

According to the table above show the Green Technology Program Malaysia Malacca can reduce the negative impact of human activity and preserve the environment. The respondent involve for disagree is 1 respondent or 0.25%, and continue by normal with 28 respondents or 7%, agree with 214 respondents or 53.5%, and strongly agree is 157 respondents or 39.25%.

The main reason for majority respondents choose to be agree with the green technology program is because they are preferred to have environmental friendly, especially in private sector like factories and self-employed in businesses like restaurants. Respondents are realizing about the Malacca river condition, where the water quality is declining due to increasing land used for human activities. Therefore, most of respondents are suggest using resources that are environmentally friendlier like biodiesel for machinery in factory, vegetable oil for cooking purposes, and so on, to reduce factor in contributing the river pollution. Successfully reduce 10 percent of river pollution will save a small portion of ecosystem and protect the environment of earth. So, the idea from state government to apply Green Technology Program Malaysia in Malacca river is definitely accurate and correct.

Question 2

Category	SD	D	N	A	SA
Category	F (%)	F (%)	F (%)	F (%)	F (%)
No Plastic Bag Program, No Plastic Product Program, and Recycle Program can reduce the garbage wastes and the production of toxic waste.	-	-	54 (13.5)	172 (43)	174 (43.5)
Total	400 (100)

* SD = Strongly Disagree, D = Disagree, N = Normal, A = Agree, SA = Strongly Agree, F = Frequency, % = Percentage.

Referring to the table, the information provides about No Plastic bag Program, No Plastic Product Program, and Recycle Program can reduce the garbage wastes and the production of toxic waste. The lowest rating for respondents choose is normal, where it is only involved with 54 peoples or 13.5%. The rating is continue by agree with 172 peoples or 43%, and the highest rating is strongly agree with 174 peoples or 43.5%. The total for the respondents is 400 peoples.

In the point of respondents view, they are very support for this program. The program with No Plastic Bag and Plastic Product will help to decrease the chemical usage from factory to provide plastic. In other words, decrease in chemical usage will decrease unwanted chemical wastes, which consider as another indirectly method to save and protect the environment. At the same time, state government is trying to reduce plastic bag for every purchase in market incrementally. For example from Friday to Sunday, there will be no plastic bag given for every purchase and only allow to use recycle bag to carry the products. On the other hands, state government also promotes Recycle Program to awake and aware of danger for using plastic products towards environment. Therefore, No Plastic Bag Program, No Plastic Product Program, and Recycle Program can reduce the garbage wastes and the production of toxic waste.

Question 3

Category	SD	D	N	A	SA
Category	F (%)	F (%)	F (%)	F (%)	F (%)
Cleaning Our River Program and Love Our River Program can save the river from becoming a garbage dump.	-	1 (0.25)	35 (8.75)	147 (36.75)	217 (54.25)
Total	400 (100)

* SD = Strongly Disagree, D = Disagree, N = Normal, A = Agree, SA = Strongly Agree, F = Frequency, % = Percentage.

Cleaning Our River Program and Love Our River Program can save the river from becoming a garbage dump is also being ask in this questionnaire. The table show agree and strongly agree is the majority respondents choose, where it covers 147 and 217 peoples. Meanwhile, the normal and disagree is cover 35 peoples and 1 people. So, the percentage is sorted from high to low, which is strongly agree (54.25%), agree (36.75%), normal (8.75%) and disagree (0.25%), to provide 100% of cumulative percent.

As discuss previously, this program is link with the ‘No Plastic Bag Program, No Plastic Product Program, and Recycle Program’, where respondents are positively agree with Cleaning Our River Program and Love Our River Program. This is because Malacca river is already partially polluted due to human activities in fulfilling the demand from society. Once the contribution factor through chemical waste can be control, the cleaning process can be carry out to sustain the water quality in Malacca river. For example, public participation in a ‘gotong-royong’ program organized by Department of Environment (DOE) and Department of Irrigation and Drainage (JPS) to clean up the rubbish wastes, wood wastes, and others wastes, will help to beautification the river. At the same time, government will take the chance in promoting ‘Love Our River Program’ to protect Malacca river from continuously being harm from irresponsible peoples through wastes dumping. So, both program are important as part to save Malacca river from destruction.

Question 4

Category	SD	D	N	A	SA
Category	F (%)	F (%)	F (%)	F (%)	F (%)
Save Water Program and Rainwater Collection Program can avoid wastage of clean water and increase the water resource quantity.	-	15 (3.75)	75 (18.75)	195 (48.75)	115 (28.75)
Total	400 (100)

* SD = Strongly Disagree, D = Disagree, N = Normal, A = Agree, SA = Strongly Agree, F = Frequency, % = Percentage.

The table above show the Save Water Program and Rainwater Collection Program can avoid wastage of clean water and increase the water resources quantity. The information state that agree rating is the highest with 195 peoples (48.75%), continue by strongly agree with 115 peoples (28.75%), and normal with 75 peoples (18.75%), and the lowest rating is disagree with 15 peoples (3.75%). The total respondent is 400 peoples.

In respondents opinion, they think that Rainwater Collection Program is not suitable to practice because rain water may be an acid rain and when the water rain is collected, this may cause dangerous especially easy to get fever when using the water. So, there are small amount of respondents in choosing did not agree with this program to apply in daily life. However, the Save Water Program had attract some respondents to agree. This is because when the river is being polluted, then the water cannot be usable for outdoor activities like watering flower, washing car, and others. Hence, respondents are positively agreed that using rainwater will increase the outdoor activities, and also saving the raw water used for indoor activities like bathing or drinking. Therefore, respondents are still support the Save Water Program and Rainwater Collection Program.

Question 5

Category	SD	D	N	A	SA
Category	F (%)	F (%)	F (%)	F (%)	F (%)
Parent role in shaping their children to love the environment.	-	2 (0.5)	59 (14.75)	148 (37)	191 (47.75)
Total	400 (100)

* SD = Strongly Disagree, D = Disagree, N = Normal, A = Agree, SA = Strongly Agree, F = Frequency, % = Percentage.

According to the table show the parent role in shaping their children to love the environment. Majority respondents is choose the strongly agree to be the first choice with 191 peoples or 47.75%, secondly is agree with 148 peoples or 37%, thirdly is normal with 59 peoples or 14.75%, and only minority choose the disagree with 2 peoples or 0.5%.

Referring to the information above previously discuss in demographic profile, majority respondents involve are married and believe to have children in the family. Definitely most of the respondents are aware with the responsibility as parents to their children. So, this question is highlighted that parents are strongly agree in shaping their children to love environment. For example, parents and children are spending time together at least more than 8 hours, which is more than the time in school is only within 6 to 7 hours. In other words, parents will have a lot of time to teach their children about moral and ethical value as human beings especially towards animals, plants, environment, and so on. Eventually, the children will treat environment wisely through love and never abandon their responsibility as a protector to the river.

Question 6

Category	SD	D	N	A	SA
Category	F (%)	F (%)	F (%)	F (%)	F (%)
Advice to each other, caring behavior and respect to the environment as a creation of God to man.	-	3 (0.75)	66 (16.5)	171 (42.75)	160 (40)
Total	400 (100)

* SD = Strongly Disagree, D = Disagree, N = Normal, A = Agree, SA = Strongly Agree, F = Frequency, % = Percentage.

Referring to the table above show category of advice to each other, caring behavior and respect to the environment as a creation of God to man. The value that involve is disagree with 3 respondents (0.75%), normal with 66 respondents (16.5%), agree with 171 respondents (42.75%), and strongly agree with 160 respondents (40%). The total respondents involved are 400 peoples.

Parents play an important role in teaching and shaping their children towards goodness. When involve in the community or society, parents should also plays the role in advice to other children to protect the environment. For example, explaining to other children on why cannot dump rubbish into river, but not into dustbin. Through caring behavior and respect attitude towards environment, then the natural resources like water, air, soil, and others will be sustain and protected from destruction. However, nowadays people are selfish, arrogant and greedy in materialistic, leading to forget to appreciate every God creation especially in environment. Therefore, majority respondent are agree to practice the attitude of caring, concern, respect, love and protect the environment through advising, counseling, and raise awareness among others.

Chapter 5.6 ANALYZE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF GOVERNMENT LEGISLATION AND REGULATION

In part E will be analyze the effectiveness of government legislation and regulation towards the environment. In this part, the question that will be involve is the policy and law such as Water Acts 1920, Sewage Service Act 1993, and Sewage and Industrial Effluents to reduce the negative impact to the water in the river. The government will need to take account for all factor involve with the human activities, state development, forest reserves, and wild life animals protection which are all involve and depend with the water in the river.

Question 1

Category	SD	D	N	A	SA
Category	F (%)	F (%)	F (%)	F (%)	F (%)
Producers of Waste Action Plan and Zero Waste Action Plan can reduce disposable products, not renewed, toxic and eliminate the waste dumps.	-	4 (1)	33 (8.25)	169 (42.25)	194 (48.5)
Total	400 (100)

* SD = Strongly Disagree, D = Disagree, N = Normal, A = Agree, SA = Strongly Agree, F = Frequency, % = Percentage.

The table show the Producers of Waste Action Plan and Zero Waste Action Plan can reduce disposable products, not renewed, toxic and eliminate the waste dumps. The highest rating will be strongly agree with 194 peoples or 48.5%, the next will be agree with 169 peoples or 42.25%, normal with 33 peoples or 8.25%, and the lowest value is disagree with 4 peoples or 1%. The total respondent is 400 peoples with 100% successfully collected.

The policy or planning introduce by the state government is to reduce the waste product that produce by human activities in daily. Definitely applied policy is a long term planning, yet still to be very effective idea to protect the environment from being continuously harm. The state government have vision and mission to create a zone of zero waste product (include chemical waste and sanitary) from the citizen and upgrading the Malacca state as a free zone from pollution. Due to this idea, majority respondents are positively agree that the policy should be implemented as soon as possible to reduce the increasing of water pollution in Malacca river. This is because exploration in land used for development along Malacca river is occur rapidly, which will cause disruption, harm, and adverse effect indirectly to the environment. Therefore, these policy are believed to have higher percentage to reduce water pollution in Malacca river.

Question 2

Category	SD	D	N	A	SA
Category	F (%)	F (%)	F (%)	F (%)	F (%)
Toxic Reduction Action Plan can control the chemical industry from threaten the river.	-	12 (3)	61 (15.25)	231 (57.75)	96 (24)
Total	400 (100)

* SD = Strongly Disagree, D = Disagree, N = Normal, A = Agree, SA = Strongly Agree, F = Frequency, % = Percentage.

The information above show the Toxic Reduction Action Plan can control the chemical industry from threatens the river. The table state that respondents choose for agree with 231 peoples (57.75%), continue by strongly agree with 96 peoples (24%), normal with 61 peoples (15.25%), and the last one is disagree with 12 peoples (3%). The total questionnaire distributed and answer by the respondent is 400 peoples.

The main reason for respondents to choose agreed because they know that the Malacca river is very dirty, smelly, and poisoning, which are also listed as one of the partially polluted river in DoE report 2012. So, they are very hope that the state government will take action through creating a policy like Toxic Reduction Action Plan to control the factories from being damping the chemical waste into the river. Generally, Toxic Reduction Action Plan policy is propose to all factory operators, where they are compulsory to use natural resources that are more on environmental friendly. The policy aims is to reduce environmental pollution through factory wastes production that can be recycled and use for other usage. Moreover, reduce the toxic use by applying environmentally friendly resources in the daily life becoming a transformation towards the greener life and healthier to environment. At the same time, the state government suggests to shift the Malacca state into Green Technology City. So, reduce the use of the chemical-toxic and promote the green chemical use in the factories will save and protect the environment from destruction.

Question 3

Category	SD	D	N	A	SA
Category	F (%)	F (%)	F (%)	F (%)	F (%)
Habitat Protection Action Plan is to protect the endangered habitat especially aquatic animals.	-	-	24 (6)	172 (43)	204 (51)
Total	400 (100)

* SD = Strongly Disagree, D = Disagree, N = Normal, A = Agree, SA = Strongly Agree, F = Frequency, % = Percentage.

According to the table above show the Habitat Protection Action Plan is to protect the endangered habitat especially aquatic animals. The information state that the highest value for respondents to choose is strongly agree with 204 peoples or 51%, continue by agree with 172 peoples or 43%, and the lowest value for respondents to prefer is normal with 24 peoples or 6%. The cumulative percent is the sum of percentage for 51%, 43%, and 6% to provide 100% with the total of respondents is 400 peoples.

Basically, respondents are realize that the water in the Malacca river is polluted by the chemical waste from factories, excrement wastes from livestock, fertilizer wastes from agriculture activities, and others human activities. Several policy like Zero Waste Action Plan, Toxic Reduction Action Plan, and Green Technology Program suggested by state government will become a protection to Malacca river from being polluted. Eventually the water in river will be recovered slowly. So, state government will take an alternative by increasing the quantity of aquatic animals to regain the species especially for the endangered. At the same time, state government will create a zone where peoples can have picnics and recreational activities while watching the natural ecosystem at Malacca river. Therefore, from the respondent opinion, “prevention is better that cure” and “the more wild life is preserve, the more successful the program to be apply”; which create the idea in their mind to make them to agree with this plan to save the wildlife.

Question 4

Category	SD	D	N	A	SA
Category	F (%)	F (%)	F (%)	F (%)	F (%)
Water Act 1920 can control the individual from throwing the illegal substances that can threaten the river.	-	-	38 (9.5)	182 (45.5)	180 (45)
Total	400 (100)

* SD = Strongly Disagree, D = Disagree, N = Normal, A = Agree, SA = Strongly Agree, F = Frequency, % = Percentage.

Referring to the table above show the Water Act 1920 can control the individual from throwing the illegal substances that can threaten the river. The result show that majority respondents choose for agree with 182 peoples are involve, which is 45.5%. Next, respondents choose for strongly agree with 180 peoples or 45%. The last one will be normal with 38 peoples or 9.5%. The total respondents involve is 400 peoples or 100%.

From the answer provided by the respondents stated that they are agree when the government take an action towards the irresponsible peoples who producing the waste product and damp into the river without concerning the environment. This action will cause pollution to the water. However, there are some respondents choosing for normal or unknown opinion about this action taken by the state government because the main cause for the river to get polluted come from the human activities like factories, agricultural, livestock, and settlement; yet it is not because of individually to cause overall of river pollution. Hence, some respondents suggested that the state government should not take drastic action towards them without any investigation. Nevertheless, if there are individual dumping any foreign material into river to cause pollution, then these acts will be charges towards the individual through penalty in the form of money. Therefore, the Water Act 1920 will protect the environment from being destruct by the individual through dumping the illegal substances into river to cause pollution.

Question 5

Category	SD	D	N	A	SA
Category	F (%)	F (%)	F (%)	F (%)	F (%)
Sewage Service Act 1993 is to avoid and ensure the waste of excretion will not thrown into the river.	-	-	25 (6.25)	153 (38.25)	222 (55.5)
Total	400 (100)

* SD = Strongly Disagree, D = Disagree, N = Normal, A = Agree, SA = Strongly Agree, F = Frequency, % = Percentage.

The table above show that the Sewage Service Act 1993 is to avoid and ensure the waste of excretion will not thrown into the river. The majority for respondents to choose is strongly agree with 222 peoples or 55.5%, continue by agree with 153 peoples or 38.25%, and the minority for respondents to choose is normal with 25 peoples or 6.25%. Successfully respondents to answer this question are 400 peoples with the cumulative of 100%.

The result indicates that respondents still agree with the state government to improve the management team by providing the Sewage Service Act 1993. As usual, this legislation will be used to against two categories, namely private sector that treatment the septic tank service and the livestock farming activities. The private sector should be carefully in treatment the septic tank to avoid ‘unwanted-accidental’ which may cause pollution to the Malacca river. For example, the worker should undergo at least four (4) major treatments before it can release into river. Any careless in process of treatment may lead to water pollution in Malacca river. Besides that, the animals should be taken care properly especially cleanliness to prevent contamination of Malacca river to occur indirectly. The state government should always monitor the animal farms to make sure the surrounding are stay clean. So, Sewage Service Act 1993 is important to protect the water resources by ensuring the waste of excretion will not end up in the Malacca river.

Question 6

Category	SD	D	N	A	SA
Category	F (%)	F (%)	F (%)	F (%)	F (%)
Sewage and Industrial Effluents Act can prevent and stop throwing the chemicals into river by the industries.	-	-	8 (2)	87 (21.75)	305 (76.25)
Total	400 (100)

* SD = Strongly Disagree, D = Disagree, N = Normal, A = Agree, SA = Strongly Agree, F = Frequency, % = Percentage.

According to the table above show the Sewage and Industrial Effluents can prevent and stop throwing the chemical into river by the industries. From the result above state that the highest rating for the respondents to choose is the strongly agree with 305 peoples or 76.25%, continue by agree with 87 peoples or 21.75%, and the lowest rating for the respondents to choose is the normal with 8 peoples or 2%. The total respondents that involve are 400 peoples.

The result show that majority respondents choose to be positively agree with the Sewage and Industrial Effluents Act because it will threaten toward the industries to stop from continuously destruct the environment. By strengthening this action, state government believe that the private sector especially industries operator will be improve their service and not simply take action by throwing unwanted waste product into unsuitable area, for example in Malacca river. Although the factory operators are allowed to dump the waste product onto an open surface area, these waste should be undergo for treatment to reduce the poisoning percentage before it can release. At the same time, undergo for waste treatment will requires a very high cost. Therefore, state government is introducing the environmental friendly products and resources so that when the waste is generated can be recycled without the need for any treatment.

Question 7

Category	SD	D	N	A	SA
Category	F (%)	F (%)	F (%)	F (%)	F (%)
Application of Islamic education and moral education in schools can create the ethical value inside a person.	-	10 (2.5)	118 (29.5)	131 (32.75)	141 (35.25)
Total	400 (100)

* SD = Strongly Disagree, D = Disagree, N = Normal, A = Agree, SA = Strongly Agree, F = Frequency, % = Percentage.

Referring to the table above state that application of Islamic education and moral education in schools can create the ethical value inside a person. The information show that the respondents choose to be strongly agree with 141 peoples are involve or 35.25%, continue by agree with 131 peoples or 32.75%, normal with 118 peoples or 29.5%, and the last one is disagree with 10 peoples or 2.5%.

From the respondent point of view, they do believe that the nature resources are created by God for every human to use it wisely on earth. Basically, human is providing the service to take the natural resources that was available for fulfill the demand of worldwide. However, the consumption of the natural resources eventually destructs another environment. For example, chopping down the trees to provide paper indirectly cause pollution to the water. So, majority respondents agree that if the Islamic education and moral education can be apply in schools so that the children are exposed with the ethical value and sown into themselves. By the way, Islamic and moral education should be taught at the young age like primary school. This is because children are more easily to adapt good and correct ethical value, which can be apply in the real world to protect environment when they grow up. If Islamic and moral education is teach at teenagers like secondary school, it will be difficult as they are already expose and learn about negative attitude. Therefore, Islamic and moral education is agreed by respondents to teach in school can create the ethical value inside a person.

Chapter 5.7 CONCLUSION

From the analysis above show that almost every respondents of Malacca citizen provide their view and opinion through answering the questionnaire. In part A, the questionnaire is asking about the respondent biodata, which involve with the sex, age, status, numbers of years live in Malacca, religious, education level and the employment. From the general view, the information of biodata that provided through the questionnaire is important because the result is needed to support in providing information for the next part, for example numbers of years live in Malacca or the employment. Secondly, part B is analyzed the perception of Malacca citizen towards the Malacca river ecology. The questionnaire is involve with the general knowledge towards the environment, which involve with the water as one of the natural resources that provide thousands of benefits to the living and non-living thing on Earth.

For part C, the questionnaire will provide the information about the perception of Malacca citizen toward pollution in Malacca river. This part is to test the respondent about the awareness towards the environment, where opinion and answer from the respondents will be used to predict for another part in providing the information. The respondents thinking and their view towards the water in the river might be very simple, for example water is for bath. However, if the water are being destruct especially the quality and may cause other harm in the society, their awareness and ethical value towards the environment can be important to show that they are still love the environment and this can help in providing information for the next part.

In part D, will be analyze the Malacca citizen involve to reduce pollution in Malacca river. The information from part B and part C will be used to decide the part D in the result. The general knowledge and awareness from the respondents will lead them to participate in the various activities that held by the government or non-government. The program like ‘No Plastic Program’, ‘Cleaning Our River Program’, or ‘Green Technology Program’ can be help to save from continue harm and destroy the beauty of the Malacca river. In part E, will be analyze the effectiveness of government legislation and regulation towards the environment. Since Malacca citizen had provide their energy, time and money to save the environment, but their effort will never be success if the government or state government never take any action to prevent the harm activities towards the environment. So, through policy and law can control a person or individual who are very irresponsible and greedy towards the environment because when they still throwing the waste product or rubbish into the river, eventually appropriate action will be taken towards them.

As a conclusion, majority of Malacca citizen choose to be strongly agree and agree in providing the information because they know the water in the Malacca river is need to be save. They also hope that this research can help to sustain the water in the river by providing information for other field to improve the quality into quantity, which can become one of the natural resources that can provide benefit to the living being and non-living being.

CHAPTER 6 SUMMARY, SUGGESTION AND CONCLUSION

Chapter 6.1 INTRODUCTION

Chapter 6 is the final chapter in this research that involve with the summary, suggestion and conclusion. This research entitled ‘water sustainability development in Malacca river’ has been successfully carried out. The main objective can be divided into three part, which is to investigate the level of environmental awareness among Malacca citizen, to evaluate the participation of Malacca citizen toward environmental concern, and to analyse the efficacy of governmental rules and regulations in promoting environmental concern among Malacca citizen. The objective is very important because it is a goal to achieve success in this research and it also provided information, which became a major trigger to other studies that can help people and the environment. This chapter will provide information in term of summarizing, suggestion, and also the conclusion for this research.

Chapter 6.2 SUMMARY AND SUGGESTION

The research of water sustainability development in Malacca river provide various information to the society to proceed in other research. This research is divided into six chapters, where each chapter will show the particular interest. The first chapter is discuss about the introduction to water sustainability development in Malacca river. This chapter will be describe about problem statement, research question, objective of study, methodology of study, and organization report. Basically this chapter will state about the environment issues that will be face by the Malacca citizen, for example water pollution. Chapter one will be explain more on how the research will be held, for example like the objective of study which involve with three main purposes that concern on the citizen awareness and knowledge about the environment, participation of citizen in reducing destruction activities towards environment, and the last one involve with law and policy that used by the government to save the environment from continue harm.

On the other hand, the chapter also explain about the methodology of study which divided into several stages like early stage (define the environmental issues problem), collect data stage (describe about how to collect the primary and secondary data), and analyses data and discussion stage (explain about what tool will be use to analyses). Next, the chapter will state about organization report, which is involve with the explanation of chapter one until chapter six on how, what, where, when, who and why to succeed the research. From a general observation, Malacca state is a small state and the geographical (including climate, land use, economic, politic) is very suitable for the citizen to stay in a peaceful life. However, the poor management of state development caused the Malacca river to get polluted. The main reason for this situation to happen is because of the sewage waste and the industrial waste. So, this situation will requires a study to reduce pollution occurs and stop the activities that could destroy the environment, while increase the probability to treat the poor water quality by applying the latest technology reserve. With this opportunity, the researcher took the chance to explore the problems that faced by the citizen and find a solution through this study.

In chapter two is discuss about the literature review. The definition for literature review is an essay written by someone that actively involved in the research finding which can help to provide information for this research (cooper, 1998). In other words, the literature review is the study of the previous research to gain more general picture which can help in carry out others research. In this chapter, the literature review in this research is involve with the explanation of water characteristic and water advantages, water scarcity, sustainability development, water scarcity in Malaysia, and research towards objective. The reason to describe the natural of water because peoples need to know, understand and realize the important and the factor that are required by human itself to continue the life. As we know, water not only give advantages to human, but also is a habitat to the others living and non-living thing like aquatic animals, plants, soil or ground, etc. Since human are busy in develop and innovate technology to upgrade the life into a modern style, eventually this can destruct some of the nature that create by God, for example water resource.

Without concern with the environment, human continue to develop the technology into more dangerous impact like nuclear energy, which in-turn will cause negative impact not only the present but also in the future generation of human itself. With this, the process of creating nuclear energy will also involve with water, and the waste product that produce from the nuclear reaction can cause poisoning to the water in term of quality. This situation is same for every factory that involve with the chemical production. So, if the activities like factorization that can cause destruction towards the environment are still continue, the quality of water will continue to be affected and this will cause the quantity of water to decrease.

When the water resources become scarcity and human population is increase day by day, eventually this situation will cause bad impact to bad impact. This may be happen to the developing country like Malaysia. Since that, Malaysia citizen need to awake and aware that water resources is important and they need to take action by reduce or stop the activities which will cause bad impact to the water. So, this research is an early step to study on where, how, and what are the situation happen in Malaysia that connected with the water issues, for example how are the pollution happen?, or where the main cause of the pollution to exist?. This chapter is also explained about the main objective that will be study in this research, which connected with the issues of the water pollution.

Chapter three is the chapter that study about research area. This chapter will describe about two main characteristic, which is humanity characteristic and physical characteristic. In the humanity characteristic, it is explain about the activities of development and municipal, and the services and infrastructure facilities that provided by the state government. Meanwhile, the physical characteristic is explained about the location, climate, drainage system, hydrology, land use, and environmental development which help to develop in Malacca state. The last part is explained about the physical characteristic of Malacca river. The main reason to involve chapter three in this research is because the water pollution that exist will be situated at a place and cause dangerous among the place, for example the area that involve in this research is Malacca state.

Malacca is a small state and has a large population that live together in a peaceful without facing any problems related to natural disasters. State government of Malacca are always strive to develop and improve the state through economic sector, political sector, social and cultural sector, and even through other facilities to reduce the difficulties and increase the quality life for the citizen. The development through construction of building for people to live, construction of factories to provide jobs, basic construction of roads to facilitate the movement, and tourism development to attract tourism and help to increase the state economy. The continuous of development cause lacking in awareness towards the environment and destruction start to exist in the live, for example this situation is connected with the water in river stat to get pollute. The main reason for destruction start to get happen is because the continue of chemical factories in producing the waste product, plus with the increase of human population through the tourism activities and poor management in sanitation cause the environment, especially water that flow in the river to get polluted. So, state government need to take some action to stop the activities that may cause destruction happen in environmental, especially water in the river.

In the chapter four will describe about methodology. The researcher will explain how the data can be collect in data collection method, which involve with the primary data and secondary data. In primary data, it will involve with the questionnaire method, sampling method, interview method, and observation method. Meanwhile, secondary data will involve with library study, information from the internet, and data from department like government or non-government. This chapter also explain on how the analyze data method will be used to analyze data. Basically, this chapter is also important because it will describe on how and what the data will be used to plot the question that will be used in survey questionnaire.

From the previous study, according to Krejcie and Morgan, the most accurate sample that will be used to test the questionnaire is 384 of sample size for the total of 1 million population size. However, in this research is only involve with 200 respondents because it is only involve with two district that across by the Malacca river. So, the questionnaire is distributed to Malacca citizen, where the priority is given to the citizen live near to river. The main reason is because the people that live near the river will experience and the most affected with the existing of water pollution in river, and the information that they provide will be more accurate. After the questionnaire is being answer by 200 respondents, the data will then be analysis by using SPSS software or Statistical Package For Social Sciences. The result that provided will be in the form of index, which give the information in the value of strongly disagree, disagree, normal, agree, and strongly agree. The rating for each value is 0% to 20% for strongly disagree, 21% to 40% for disagree, 41% to 60% for normal, 61% to 80% for agree, and 81% to 100% for strongly agree. So, the information that provided can be verify how much the perception and opinion from the respondents towards the destruction on environment.

Chapter five is the important chapter in this research because this chapter will provide the information about the analysis of research. The analysis is divided into five parts, which is the analysis of respondents biodata, the analyze perception of Malacca citizen toward Malacca river ecology, the analyze perception of Malacca citizen toward pollution in Malacca river, the analyze of Malacca citizen involve to reduce pollution in Malacca river, and analyze the effectiveness of government legislation and regulation. The first part in analysis of respondent biodata provided the information about sex, age, status, numbers of years live in Malacca, religious, education level and the employment. Meanwhile, the second part in analyze perception of Malacca citizen toward Malacca river ecology is about the result on knowledge of the citizen toward environment like water, water pollution, acid rain, and ecosystem, which may affect the other living and non-living thing. The third part is the analyze perception of Malacca citizen toward pollution in Malacca river which provide the information about awareness on the pollution that exist in Malacca river, which is the factories activities cause the water quality to decrease and eventually give a bad impact to the ecosystem.

Next, part four is the analyze of Malacca citizen involve to reduce pollution in Malacca river provide the information about participation of Malacca citizen through joining the activities that promote by the government or non-government. The reason for them to join the activities is because of their knowledge and awareness on the environment, which is in severe situation and need to save and protect. The last part is analysis the effectiveness of government legislation and regulation. This part will provide information about the government to help in saving the environment through policy and law such as Water Acts 1920, Sewage Service Act 1993, Sewage and Industrial Effluents, Green Technology Policy, No Plastic Bag Policy, etc. With the intervention of government, the environment especially water resources can be save and protect from being continue harm and destruct.

From a general view, the water that flow in Malacca river is clean and clear. Since the development through construction of factories, and poor management in cleaning of excretion waste and agricultural waste, cause the water in river start to get polluted. This situation is continue for a period until the water quality become black color, smelly, unclean, and poisoning cause by the chemical waste damp into the river. Because of this reason, the research on water sustainability development in Malacca river take place to explore and understand the situation and help to develop a suitable solution for the Malacca citizen. So, a lot of information can be gather, where the main cause of pollution exist from the factories that dump into the river. The citizen that live for a long period in Malacca state also give their opinion that the agriculture and poor management cause this situation to happen. They make an argument that when hot season, the river is produce a very bad odor smell and unpleasant. That why in the analysis, majority respondents are very agree that the river situation is in severe and need to be save.

Malacca citizen give their opinion that they hope the state government can take action towards the people that irresponsible and cause the pollution to the river. They realize that the factories is providing various jobs for the citizen, however, they hope that the factories wont abundant their responsible in protecting the river. They give the opinion where the state government should transfer the factories away from the river to avoid indiscriminately dump. Again, Malacca citizen hope this research can help to discover and explore more in providing the information for the society so that they can carry out others research to protect environment especially the water in Malacca river. The research with the title ‘Water Sustainability Development In Malacca River’ is achieve the main objective.

Chapter 6.3 CONCLUSION

This research carried out in almost one year including collecting data, analyzing data, and also writing the report. This research is successfully in achieving the main objective. With this research, it can help a lot of the Malacca citizen suffer with their life that they need to face the smelly, poisoning and dark color of water flow in the river. They really hope that the government and non-government, private sector, or even to the individual need to work hard together to fight and against the destruction activities towards the environment.

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